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Animal Science 100 > Species-Specific Health and Disease Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Species-Specific Health and Disease Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Housing conditions of pigs

A

Housed in large barns (most often indoors)
- Easier to monitor health and nutrition
- Climate control (pigs are very sensitive to extreme temperatures) (they also get sunburn)
- Increased biosecurity

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2
Q

Biosecurity

A

The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) defines biosecurity in the Terrestrial Animal Health code as “a set of management and physical measures designed to reduce the risk of introduction, establishment and spread of animal diseases, infections or infestations to, from and within an animal population”

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3
Q

Behavioural needs of pigs

A

Foraging

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4
Q

Important steps in in maintaining biosecurity

A

Entrance restrictions
Shower in shower out
No pork products
No entering if ill
Closed herd
All-in, all-out production system
Good cleaning and disinfection protocols

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5
Q

Biosecurity risks for outdoor pigs

A

Often fed scraps (now illegal in Europe)
Eating off the ground leads to problems
Hard to control what comes into contact with pigs
Sometimes it’s hard to see them
Predation is a risk
Wild pigs are carriers of pig diseases

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6
Q

Stages of swine production

A

Farrowing room (0-3 weeks)
Weaning
Nursery (3-8 weeks)
Grower/finisher (8 weeks to 6 months)

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7
Q

Common pig diseases at the farrowing room stage

A

Infections (umbilical, joints)
Hypothermia
Starvation
Neonatal diarrhea
Greasy pig disease (opportunistic Staff bacteria, gets into open wounds, usually pretty minor)
Genetic abnormalities
Crushing (mothers crush their pigs)

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8
Q

Common pig diseases at the nursery stage

A

Respiratory disease
Lameness
Neurological disease
Diarrhea
Ear hematoma (Pretty much cauliflower ears)
Umbilical hernia

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9
Q

Common pig diseases ate the Grower/finisher stage

A

Lameness
Respitory disease
Gastric ulcers
GI torsion
Diarrhea

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10
Q

What diseases are sows prone to?

A

Reproductive losses (abortion, still born)
Reduced fertility
Lameness
GI or splenic torsion
Reduced milk production
Mastitis

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11
Q

Why do pigs need such high biosecurity?

A

They’re very susceptible to zoonotic disease, especially from humans

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12
Q

Emerging and high risk pig diseases

A

African swine fever (reportable) Not in canada
Foot and Mouth disease (reportable) Not in canada
Porcine epidemic diahrea (reportable) in canada
Swine influenza
MRSA and other superbugs

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13
Q

What organization do you need to be a part of to sell milk in Canada?

A

Dairy Farmers of Canada

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14
Q

Heifer Calves

A

cows before they start milk production

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15
Q

Dairy Cow production cycle

A

(Ideally 365 day cycle)
(305 days lactating)
- Breeding ~90 days postpartum
- Dried off at 305 days
60 day dry period

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16
Q

Calf production cycle

A

Calf born
- Calf removed from cow
Fed colostrum
- First milk produced by cow (high in antibodies)
Fed liquid feed and starter
- Amount fed is variable
Weaning
Bulls
- Often go into meat system
Heifers
- Put in the dairy system

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17
Q

How are calves raised

A
  • Housed in individual pens (controversial, cows are herd animals)
  • Automated (robotic) feeding system
  • Strict biosecurity measures followed in the first 21 days for cow health
  • After 21 days, calves are put in groups
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18
Q

How are dairy caws housed?

A

kept in barns

access to outdoors not always provided

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19
Q

Tie stall (Cows)

A

Cows are chained to their stall
Cows stay in their stall all day
Pros
- No competition for space or feed
- Easy to monitor
Cons
- Too many

THIS METHOD IS GETTING PHASED OUT

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20
Q

Bedded open housing

A

Just a big open space with bedding

Pros
Free movement

Cons
More labor needed for cleaning
Competition for feed

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21
Q

Milking systems (Cows)

A

Rotary system
Pipeline
- Hose takes milk from cows to barns
Robotic milking

Cows are milked 2-3 times a day
Takes ~10 minutes

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22
Q

Milk fever

A

Caused by calcium demand at onset of lactation

Signs:
- Staggering
- Inability to rise
- Muscular intake

Treatment
- IV calcium

Prevention
- Limit calcium intake pre-calving
- Cows don’t store calcium
If you limit calcium intake you manipulate calcium metabolism

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23
Q

Ketosis

A

Cows

Caused by negative energy balances (often 1-2 weeks post calving)

Signs
Low appetite
Weight loss
Decreased milk production

Prevention
maintain good body condition

24
Q

Lameness (cows)

A

Major problem in dairy castle
- May be infectious or noninfectious
Caused by
- Lack of hoof trimming
- Slippery floors

25
Q

Johne’s Disease (paratuberculosis)

A

Cows

Caused by mycobacterium avium species paratuberculosis
Related to bacteria causing tuberculosis and leprosy

Can be asymptomatic
~50% of albertan dairy herds are infected

Grows slowly and therefore delays immune response and detection

Only 5% of those infected develop disease

26
Q

Johne’s disease handling and clinical signs

A

Handling
Don’t export infected herds

Clinical signs (18+ months)
- Intermitten diahrea
- Ventral endema
- Progressive weight loss
- Dehydration
- Rough hair coat
- Decreased milk production but normal appitite

Diognostic challenge
Grows too slowly for feasible detection

No treatment

27
Q

Mastitis (Cow)

A

Inflammation of the mammary gland from bacteria moving up the teat canal to the udder
- Can be contagious or from environmental contact
- Detection from somatic cell count

Prevention
- Milking technique and hygiene
- Clean dry bedding
- Lack of teat tensions

28
Q

Digital Dermatitis (cows)

A

Extremely contagious and causes painful foot lesions, decreased milk production, and fertility issues

Suspected bacterial (treponemes - gram negative)

Caused by poor hygiene

Treated with 5% copper sulfate, good management, and keeping a closed herd

29
Q

Bovine Leukosis virus (BLV)

A

Caused by retrovirus (RNA) that slowly replicates in B-cells

Clinical signs seen in ~5% of cases
- Weight loss
- Inability to stand
- Enlarged lymph nodes
- Tumours (caused by infected B-cells)

Eradicated in some countries (not Canada)

Notifiable disease

30
Q

What is a major cause a disease in the food animal industry?

A

POOR MANAGEMENT

31
Q

Horse requirements

A

Horses are supposed to forage 16-19 hours of the day,

move freely 70% of the day (walk 60-80 km/day)

Horses are herd animals, and want to be around other horses

They require long stem forage to maintain a healthy gut
- Not always provided, especially for performance horses

32
Q

Common horse conditions

A

Horses are kept in small stall for many hours (only come out for supervised exercise)

Turnout could be small, or a huge pasture

Feed could be concentrate based or forage based

Herd managed or individual

Horses are managed in many ways, and according to the code of practice, they’re all acceptable

33
Q

Colic

A

Umbrella term for many clinical signs
- Includes gas pain to strangulated intestine
- Not a disease

Leading cause of death in horses

Clinical signs
- Rolling vigorously (note this is also a regular horse behavior, look to see if theres distress)
- Pacing
- Checking or kicking at belly
- Lack of appetite
- Inability to pass gas or feces

34
Q

Colic prevention and treatment

A

Prevention
Provide continuous forage
Avoid sudden changes in diet
Avoid stress
Keep hydrated
Keep moving

Treatment
Appropriate pain management (type depends on cause)
Horses are very sensitive to pain management drugs
Surgery has ~50% success rate
Surgical cases have a high rate of complication

35
Q

Common causes for injury in horses

A

Unsafe fences
Sharp objects
Holes
Rocks
Cast against fences
Inappropriate herdmates
Performance activities
Training (lots of practices put horses at high risk of injury)

Not providing adequate access to turn out (free movement) leads to more injury

36
Q

Common treatment for horse injury

A

PRP (platelet rich plasma) injections
- Sample of blood from the horse gets put in a centrifuge, plasma cells are reinjected back into the horse)
Stem cell
- Hard to get enough of them from body, donated stem cells might get rejected by the body
Steroid injections
- Can be useful for things like chronic pain, but also can mask bigger problems
Shockwave therapy
- Sometimes helpful for soft tissue injuries (keeps ligaments flexible)
Chiropractic
- Not really science based
Acupuncture
Magnetic wave therapies
Surgery
- Last measure (recovery is hard for the horse)

Rest and rehabilitation is almost always the best option for horses

37
Q

Dental Floats

A

Horses get their full set of adult teeth by ~5 years

Teeth grow continuously and are naturally offset from each other: ment for foraging
(around 20 years teeth don’t grow as much)

Teeth have sharp edges

“Floating” the teeth is required 1-2 times per years to eliminate sharp edges
- Power float is the safest option

38
Q

Who should preform a dental float?

A

Floating should be done under light sedation by a licensed vet (NOT A “HORSE DENTIST”)
- Sedation is always a risk with horses

39
Q

Signs of dental issues in horses

A

Quidding (uneven chewing rolled up to a ball)
Food dropping
Weight loss
Bad breath (horses breath should be nice)

40
Q

Hoof Health

A

Hooves should be trimmed and balanced at 6-8 week intervals max

Hoof angle can influence lameness and future arthritis development

Abscesses common in unhygienic conditions
Sudden lameness is often caused by this

Cracks are bad
Wavy rings are bad

41
Q

Laminitis: inflammation of hoof lamina

A

Extremely painful condition of the feet

Umbrella term for clinical signs

Caused by:
Metabolic diseases:PPID (Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction or Cushings)
Obesity
High starch diets
Immune hypersensitivity
Infection
Toxins
Compensatory limb laminitis (common after injury where the hours puts more wieght on another leg
Ingury

2nd leading cause of death in horses

42
Q

Treatment for Laminitis

A

Careful management and addressing underlying cause
Soft ground
Tylenol works wonders
Surgical interventions
Therapeutic trimming/shoeing

43
Q

Why is paratubercolosis so hard to diagnose?

A

It takes a long time to germinate

44
Q

Clinical signs of BLV

A

Clinical signs (seen in ~5% of cases)
- Weight loss
- Inability to stand
- Enlarged lymph nodes
- Tumours (caused by infected B-cells)

45
Q

What do you do if your cow tests positive for BLV

A

Testable, but untreatable
- Kill the cows, the milk is unacceptable

46
Q

Signs of Laminitis

A

-Stiff gait
-Sawhorse stance (weight shifting to hind)
-Increased digital pulse (the pulse in the ankle joint is heavier)
-Hot feet

47
Q

What do you need to diagnose laminitis?

A

You need to radiograph the animal.
Clinical signs alone are not enough

48
Q

Colostrum

A

First milk produced by cow (high in antibodies)

49
Q

How often should horse hooves be trimmed?

A

Every 6-8 weeks

50
Q

Clinical signs of colic

A

Clinical signs
- Rolling vigorously (note this is also a regular horse behavior, look to see if theres distress)
- Pacing
- Checking or kicking at belly
- Lack of appetite
- Inability to pass gas or feces

51
Q

Equine infectious anemia (EIA)

A

• A CFIA reportable disease that results in euthanasia → remain
carriers for life
• RNA enveloped retrovirus that invades macrophage
• Incubation period 1wk-3M but usually 2-4 weeks
• Spread by biting insects and reused needles
• Often triggered by something stressful
• Can have temporary recovery then relapse
• Can be contagious without clinical signs

52
Q

Clinical signs of EIA

A

• anorexia
• depression
• general weakness
• intermittent fever up to 41°C
• jaundice
• small hemorrhages under the tongue and eye
• swelling of the extremities
• weight loss
Coggins testing

53
Q

Coggins testing

A

Specialized blood test to detect
antibodies for EIA virus

Required for most performance
activities and cross-border transport

54
Q

Transmission and clinical signs of Strangles (Streptococcus equi)

A

• Spread by direct contact or
environmental contamination
• Contagious prior to clinical signs
• Infects lymph nodes
• Clinical signs include: fever, nasal
discharge, swollen lymph nodes,
abscesses
• Vaccine not super effective

55
Q

West Nile Virus

A

• Mosquito borne RNA, enveloped virus that infects and
kills birds
• Causes neurological signs and sometimes fever but can
be asymptomatic
• Zoonotic but only causes disease in ~20%
• No treatment but effective vaccine

56
Q

Stangles

A

Also called horse distemper
• Upper respiratory disease
• Caused by gram + bacteria
• Horses can be shedding bacteria for up to 6wks after clinical signs clear up, or
become life long spreaders of the disease

Animal Science 100 (12 decks)

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