Emerging Diseases,antibiotic Resistance, And Biosecurity

Question 1

What are the two types of emerging disease?

Answer 1

Newly recognized diseases that have not previously been observed
Ex. Covid19

Known diseases that have increased in incidence or expanded their geographic, host, or vector range

Question 2

How many emerging diseases are zoonotic?

Answer 2

MOST
Over 65%

Question 3

What type of zoonotic disease has the highest rate of incidence?

Answer 3

Most zoonotic diseases, in order of incidence
•Bacteria
•Helminth
•Virus
•Protozoa

Question 4

What are some examples of short lived emerging diseases?
Why do they die out so fast sometimes?

Answer 4

MERS-CoV
Infected from camels to human
SARS (sudden acute respiratory system)
West Nile Virus

Why did they die?
*It may kill the host too fast
*Hard to jump hosts
*Vaccines

Question 5

Human factors involved in the emergence of disease

Answer 5

Climate change

Increased number and exposure to vectors
*Mosquitoes moving north
*Longer seasons leading to more ticks

Changes in land use (more wildlife contact)

Socio-economic factors (ability to travel)

Vaccine hesitancy

Misinformation

Question 6

Define

Antimicrobials

Answer 6

Any natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms but causes little or no damage to the host

May kill:
* Bactria
* Antivirals
* Antifungals
* Antiparasitics

Question 7

What are the main uses of antimicrobials in animals

Answer 7

Therapy - Treatment of individuals or groups of animals
Larger animals are often treated as individuals

Preventative (Prophylaxis and Metaphylaxis) - Administered to groups of animals to prevent disease

Metaphylaxis - The disease already exists in the group of animals (often used in feedlot animals)

Growth Promotion - Administered to groups of animal to improve performance
This is not viewed very positively
Not done with medically important antimicrobials
Unique to livestock
Treatment at the group level
Whole populations of animals and their bacteria exposed to antimicrobials

Question 8

What are antimicrobials mechanisms of action

Answer 8

1. Inhibit cell wall synthesis
2. Mess with DNA replication or DNA synthesis
3. Inhibit protein synthesis

Question 9

Mechanisms of Action for Bacterial Resistance

Answer 9

• Modify the drug itself
• Active efflux (pump out the drugs)
• Target modification (change what the drug is binding to)
• Reduce permeability (just don’t let the drug in)

Question 10

How do bacteria aquire resistance?

Answer 10

• Horizontal Gene transfer
• Aquired gene mutations (New Mutation)
• Picking up resistance from the environment
• Recombination between genetic environments

Question 11

Antimicrobial Stewardship

Answer 11

Primary goals
* Optimize clinical outcomes while minimizing unintended consequences of antimicrobials use
* Minimise the selection and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance

As a result: Drugs can only be used under veterinary oversight

Question 12

Biosecurity

Answer 12

A collection of measure/management practices intended to protect animals or humans against the introduction and spread of disease or harmful biological agents

Question 13

Infection Prevention and Control

Answer 13

Human term for biosecurity

Question 14

Structural Biosecurity

Answer 14

The physical design of the facility/area the animals are kept.
* Are they kept alone? Together?
* Ventilation
* Walls (access to outdoors)

Ex.
* Pigs and chickens are typically kept indoors
* Cow/Calve systems are usually outdoors
Cows
* What terrain are they kept on
* Ground?

Question 15

Operational Biosecurity

Answer 15

The protocols you perform to keep the animals safe
* Hand washing
* Proximity to people and other animals

Question 16

Conceptual Biosecurity

Answer 16

• Scope
• Size
• Location
• How close is it to potential hazards (hospitals, sewage plants, water supply, wild animal populations, other farms)

Question 17

What are the three types of biosecurity

Answer 17

Structural
Operational
Conceptual

Question 18

Bioexclusion vs Biocontainment

Answer 18

Bioexclusion - keeping disease from getting in the facility

Biocontainment - Keeping the disease in

Question 19

What is HACCP?

Answer 19

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
* Used to monitor and control the food production chain

Question 20

Vector vs Fomite

Answer 20

Vectors are carriers of the disease, but they all not infected or sick from it
* Fleas
* Ticks
* Mosquitoes

Fomite: Transmission via a non living source
* Contaminated needles, boots, etc.

Question 21

Intrinsic vs Aquired Antibiotic Resistance

Answer 21

“There are two types of bacterial resistance: intrinsic and acquired.

“In intrinsic resistance, the antibiotic never possessed activity against the pathogen.

“Acquired resistance is achieved through the transfer of genetic material that confers resistance.”

U.S. Pharmacist

Question 22

Expected resistant phenotype (ERP)

Answer 22

The term that replaced intrinsic resistance

> 90% are considered resistant

Question 23

Examples of emerging diseases

Answer 23

• Lyme disease (tick borne)
• Plague
• Dengue
• Streptococcus equi. Ssp.
  zooepidemicus

Question 24

Factors in the emergence of disease

Answer 24

* Climate change
* Increased number and exposure to
vectors
* Changes in land use (more wildlife
contact)
* Socio-economic factors (ability to travel more)
* Vaccine hesitancy
* Misinformation