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Animal Science 100 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the immune system?

A

Anything that protects an organism from an invader

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2
Q

Innate immunity

A

First and Second line of defence against pathogens

Fast and non specific

No memory

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3
Q

is innate immunity specific?

A

Nope

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4
Q

Which parts of the body are the first line of defence

A
  • Skin
  • Mucus membrane
  • Normal microbiota
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5
Q

Which things are part of the 2nd line of defence

A
  • Innate immune cells
  • Inflammation
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6
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

The third line of defence
- Takes time to activate
- Targets specific pathogens
- Generates memory

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7
Q

Which mechanisms are part of the third line of defence?

A
  • Specialized immune cells
  • Antibodies
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8
Q

Where do most immune cells originally come from

A

The bones

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9
Q

Which cells are part of the innate immune system

A

-Macrophages
-Eosinophil
-Monocyte
-Neutrophil
-Dendritic Cells

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10
Q

Which cells are part of the adaptive immune system

A
  • T-lymphatocyte
  • B-lymphatocyte
  • Dendritic cells
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11
Q

Function of neutrophil

A

Both a phagocyte and granulocyte

  • Reinforcements responding to cytokines
  • Ingest pathogens and release enzymes to kill them (degranulation)
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12
Q

Function of a macrophage

A

(Phagocyte)
1st response - eats invader and calls for reinforcements
- Displays antigens to activate other immune cells
- release cytokines (smell) to call neutrophils

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13
Q

Function of dendritic cells

A

(Phagocyte)
- Grabs antigens and presents them to B and T cell in the lymph node
- eats antigens

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14
Q

Phagocyte

A

Eats stuff

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15
Q

Granulocyte

A

Shoots a granule to kill

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16
Q

Does bacteria come in contact with the cytoplasm in phagocytosis

A

No

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17
Q

What are the 2 outcomes of a pathogen invasion

A
  1. Pathogen elimination
  2. Pathogen takes over
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18
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance that causes the body to make an immune response

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19
Q

What displays viral antigens

A

MHC I

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20
Q

What displays bacterial antigens

A

MHC II

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21
Q

Function of B-cells

A

Make antibodies
- If arms are attached to the cell, it’s a receptor
- if it leaves the cell body, its an antibody

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22
Q

What are the two main types of T-cell

A

Unactivated t-cell
Cytotoxic t-cell

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23
Q

Naive t-cell

A

Unactivated t-cell

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24
Q

Activated t-cell

A

Cytotoxic t-cell

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25
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

B-cell activation
Immunity from the bone marrow

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26
Q

Virus

A

Intracellular pathogen
- cannot reproduce on its own
- pretends to be a part of your body

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27
Q

MHC I

A

Self protein
- also displays viral proteins
- T cell recognize this

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28
Q

Which MCH class does T-cells target

A

MHC I
T-cells kill infected cells directly

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29
Q

Which MHC class does B-cells target

A

MHC II
- B-cells produce antibodies to deal with the bacterial agents on these

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30
Q

Will B and T lymphocytes care if an amino acid is out of order?

A

Yep

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31
Q

Do antibodies produce a memory cell response?

A

Yes

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32
Q

How does a humoral response work

A

targets pathogens using antibodies

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33
Q

Cell mediated immune response

A

T-cell activation
-T-cells directly attacking infected or abnormal cells

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34
Q

Epitope

A

The part of an antigen to which an antibody attaches itself

35
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

a group of immune cells that are capable of processing and presenting antigens for recognition by T cells to initiate the adaptive cellular immune responses

dendritic cells (DC)
macrophages
B cells (not covered in this course)

36
Q

Allergy

A

An exaggerated response by the body’s immune system to otherwise inert substances in the environment

37
Q

What are the types of allergy

A

Contact dermatitis/Contact allergy

Flea allergy

Food Allergy

Atopic dermatitis

38
Q

Atopic dermatitis

A

Fancy way of saying “I don’t know what this is”
- Complex multifactorial condition
- Clinical syndrome
- Most common cause of itching in dogs
- Diagnosed after checking everything else

39
Q

Where do histamines com from

A

Mast cells (and basophils) release granules that contain histamine

40
Q

What are some important classes of antibodies

A

IgM
IgD
IgG
IgA
IgE
(Letters can spell GAMED)

41
Q

IgM

A

Antibody produced first in alien invasion

42
Q

What causes the Itch in the allergy

A

Histamines

43
Q

Do newborns make antibodies?

A

Yes, but not a lot

they’re amino deficient

44
Q

Maternal Immunity

A

A Mother’s milk provides antibodies for their young

45
Q

Why can’t you vaccinate too early

A

If it’s too early, the maternal immunity will counteract the vaccine

46
Q

IgE

A

Antibody involved in allergy response

47
Q

Do you need a booster every year?

A

Usually not, but its more expensive to test for wither or not you need it

48
Q

Herd Immunity

A

A form of indirect protection that applies only to infectious disease

When a sufficient percentage of the population is immune, it helps protect vulnerable individuals

(Only works when transmission is within the population)

49
Q

The “R0” value

A

Minimal % of population required to be immunized to be protected from a particular disease

50
Q

Librela

A

First and only injectable anti-nerve growth factor (NGF) monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy for dogs with osteoarthritis pain

  • Helps manage pain
51
Q

Cytopoint (Anti-interleukin 31 antibody)

A
  • Itch relief
52
Q

B-cell colonial expansion

A

After activation of a B-cell, it will rapidly replicate

53
Q

Antibody class switching

A

After cloning, activated B-cells switch from IgM to other antibody classes

ONLY A ONE TIME THING
One cell=One choice

54
Q

Cytokines

A

Signalling molecules

55
Q

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)

A

RNA virus (very similar to HIV)

Infects T lymphocytes, disables immune system

Transmitted via saliva/bite

NO CURE

56
Q

Retrovirus

A

RNA virus

57
Q

Bedinvetmab (hint: “mab”)

A

“mab” = monoclonal antibodies
All cloned antibody from b-cell cloning are made to turn into the same type of antibody

58
Q

Clinical Signs of FIV

A
  • chronic inflammation
    -Non-specific infection
  • Predisposition to opportunistic infection
  • Exacerbation of pre-existing disease
  • Neoplasia (abnormal tissue growth)
59
Q

Diagnosis of FIV

A

Things to consider
-Signalment (breed, gender, age)
-history
-Clinical signs
-clinical pathology

Detection of antibody (>60 days post infection)
Detection of virus - PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

60
Q

What are some things to consider when diagnosing FIV

A
  • May be infected with FIV
  • May just be vaccinated (vaccinated cats are hard to tell apart from vaccinated cats, due to this the vaccination is discontinued)
    -Antibody might come from maternal antibodies
61
Q

Treatment from FIV

A

No cure
- treatment is supportive

62
Q

Bordetella Bronchiseptica

A

Pathogenic gram negative bacteria

Causes canine cough and bordetellosis (in cats)

Induces IL-10 production (anti-inflammatory cytokine)

Transmission: Direct contact, droplets/secretions, formites

63
Q

Formite

A

A surface that a pathogen can spread from
(ex. a doorknob)

64
Q

Clinical signs of B. bronchiseptica

A
  • Cough
  • Sneezing
  • Nasal and/or ocular discharge
  • difficulty breathing
  • Inappetence
    -Fever
65
Q

Why is Canine cough a problem?

A

It causes the animal to be more vulnerable to other diseases

66
Q

What are the 2 types of Avian Influenza

A

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) - H5 and H7

Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI)

For both the incubation period is 3-5 days

67
Q

Transmission of avian influenza

A
  • contact with wild birds
  • contact with infected poultry
  • water contamination
  • formites
68
Q

HPAI clinical signs

A

Depression
Respiratory distress
Enteritis (green droppings)
Sudden drop in feed and water uptake
Sudden drop in egg production

RAPIDLY DEVELOPING HIGH MORTALITY

69
Q

Is avian influenza zoonotic?

A

YEP

70
Q

Treatment for avian influenza

A

None - You gotta kill the birds

71
Q

Porcine reproductive and respitory syndrome (PRRS)

A

Transmission: Feces, urine, semen

Infects and inhibits the macrophages
- this leaves the pig open to secondary infections (especially in the lung)

72
Q

Clinical signs of PRRS

A

Respitory (pigs < 3 weeks old and in weaners)
- Conjunctivis (swelling of conjentavia)
- depression
- Dysphonea (shortness of breath)

Reproductive (adults)
- Anorexia (“Rolling inappetence”)
- Abortions
- Premature farrowing
- Mummified fetuses
- Stillbirths
- Neonatal death
- weak piglets
- infertility

73
Q

Is there a cure for PRRS

A

Not now, but genetic engineering seems like a promising route

74
Q

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) and what causes it

A

Pestivirus
Closely related to viruses causing Border disease in sheep and swine fever in pigs

Transmission:
- Contact with infected animals
- reproduction
-Formites

75
Q

Duration, clinical signs, and treatment of Transient Infection (acute) (BVD)

A

Naive animal infected

transmissible for 4-10 days than pathogen eliminated

Symptoms:
-Pyrexia
- dullness
- transient leukopenia
- oral/nasal erosions/ulcers
- milk drop
- abortions

Quick recovery, not a big deal
- supportive treatment for secondary disease

76
Q

What happens if a pregnant cow gets BVD

A

-Embryonic death
-Fetal death-abortion
-Mummification

OR THE BABY COULD BE PERMANENTLY INFECTED WITH IT
- creation of persistently infected (PI) cattle

77
Q

Persistant infection (PI) - BVD

A

These cows will shed ncpBVD constantly
- source of infection in outbreaks
- can look clinically normal

Will eventually die from mucosal disease (MD) or secondary infection

Treatment:
Cull the cow :(

78
Q

Mucosal disease

A

Only occurs in animals born PI following in-utero infection with ncpBVD

Clinical signs
- tired
- depression

Treatment:
Cull the cow :(

79
Q

Where do macrophages come from?

A

Circulatory system and tissue

80
Q

Where do eosinophils come from

A

circulatory system

81
Q

Where do neutrophils come from

A

the circulatory system

82
Q

Where do T and B cells come from

A

The lymph nodes (think lymphocyte)

83
Q

Where do you find dendritic cells

A

in tissue and circulation

84
Q

Where do you find monocytes?

A

In tissue

Animal Science 100 (9 decks)

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