Immunology Flashcards
What is the immune system?
Anything that protects an organism from an invader
Innate immunity
First and Second line of defence against pathogens
Fast and non specific
No memory
is innate immunity specific?
Nope
Which parts of the body are the first line of defence
- Skin
- Mucus membrane
- Normal microbiota
Which things are part of the 2nd line of defence
- Innate immune cells
- Inflammation
Adaptive Immunity
The third line of defence
- Takes time to activate
- Targets specific pathogens
- Generates memory
Which mechanisms are part of the third line of defence?
- Specialized immune cells
- Antibodies
Where do most immune cells originally come from
The bones
Which cells are part of the innate immune system
-Macrophages
-Eosinophil
-Monocyte
-Neutrophil
-Dendritic Cells
Which cells are part of the adaptive immune system
- T-lymphatocyte
- B-lymphatocyte
- Dendritic cells
Function of neutrophil
Both a phagocyte and granulocyte
- Reinforcements responding to cytokines
- Ingest pathogens and release enzymes to kill them (degranulation)
Function of a macrophage
(Phagocyte)
1st response - eats invader and calls for reinforcements
- Displays antigens to activate other immune cells
- release cytokines (smell) to call neutrophils
Function of dendritic cells
(Phagocyte)
- Grabs antigens and presents them to B and T cell in the lymph node
- eats antigens
Phagocyte
Eats stuff
Granulocyte
Shoots a granule to kill
Does bacteria come in contact with the cytoplasm in phagocytosis
No
What are the 2 outcomes of a pathogen invasion
- Pathogen elimination
- Pathogen takes over
Antigen
Any substance that causes the body to make an immune response
What displays viral antigens
MHC I
What displays bacterial antigens
MHC II
Function of B-cells
Make antibodies
- If arms are attached to the cell, it’s a receptor
- if it leaves the cell body, its an antibody
What are the two main types of T-cell
Unactivated t-cell
Cytotoxic t-cell
Naive t-cell
Unactivated t-cell
Activated t-cell
Cytotoxic t-cell
Humoral Immunity
B-cell activation
Immunity from the bone marrow
Virus
Intracellular pathogen
- cannot reproduce on its own
- pretends to be a part of your body
MHC I
Self protein
- also displays viral proteins
- T cell recognize this
Which MCH class does T-cells target
MHC I
T-cells kill infected cells directly
Which MHC class does B-cells target
MHC II
- B-cells produce antibodies to deal with the bacterial agents on these
Will B and T lymphocytes care if an amino acid is out of order?
Yep
Do antibodies produce a memory cell response?
Yes
How does a humoral response work
targets pathogens using antibodies
Cell mediated immune response
T-cell activation
-T-cells directly attacking infected or abnormal cells
Epitope
The part of an antigen to which an antibody attaches itself
Antigen presenting cells
a group of immune cells that are capable of processing and presenting antigens for recognition by T cells to initiate the adaptive cellular immune responses
dendritic cells (DC)
macrophages
B cells (not covered in this course)
Allergy
An exaggerated response by the body’s immune system to otherwise inert substances in the environment
What are the types of allergy
Contact dermatitis/Contact allergy
Flea allergy
Food Allergy
Atopic dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis
Fancy way of saying “I don’t know what this is”
- Complex multifactorial condition
- Clinical syndrome
- Most common cause of itching in dogs
- Diagnosed after checking everything else
Where do histamines com from
Mast cells (and basophils) release granules that contain histamine
What are some important classes of antibodies
IgM
IgD
IgG
IgA
IgE
(Letters can spell GAMED)
IgM
Antibody produced first in alien invasion
What causes the Itch in the allergy
Histamines
Do newborns make antibodies?
Yes, but not a lot
they’re amino deficient
Maternal Immunity
A Mother’s milk provides antibodies for their young
Why can’t you vaccinate too early
If it’s too early, the maternal immunity will counteract the vaccine
IgE
Antibody involved in allergy response
Do you need a booster every year?
Usually not, but its more expensive to test for wither or not you need it
Herd Immunity
A form of indirect protection that applies only to infectious disease
When a sufficient percentage of the population is immune, it helps protect vulnerable individuals
(Only works when transmission is within the population)
The “R0” value
Minimal % of population required to be immunized to be protected from a particular disease
Librela
First and only injectable anti-nerve growth factor (NGF) monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy for dogs with osteoarthritis pain
- Helps manage pain
Cytopoint (Anti-interleukin 31 antibody)
- Itch relief
B-cell colonial expansion
After activation of a B-cell, it will rapidly replicate
Antibody class switching
After cloning, activated B-cells switch from IgM to other antibody classes
ONLY A ONE TIME THING
One cell=One choice
Cytokines
Signalling molecules
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
RNA virus (very similar to HIV)
Infects T lymphocytes, disables immune system
Transmitted via saliva/bite
NO CURE
Retrovirus
RNA virus
Bedinvetmab (hint: “mab”)
“mab” = monoclonal antibodies
All cloned antibody from b-cell cloning are made to turn into the same type of antibody
Clinical Signs of FIV
- chronic inflammation
-Non-specific infection - Predisposition to opportunistic infection
- Exacerbation of pre-existing disease
- Neoplasia (abnormal tissue growth)
Diagnosis of FIV
Things to consider
-Signalment (breed, gender, age)
-history
-Clinical signs
-clinical pathology
Detection of antibody (>60 days post infection)
Detection of virus - PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
What are some things to consider when diagnosing FIV
- May be infected with FIV
- May just be vaccinated (vaccinated cats are hard to tell apart from vaccinated cats, due to this the vaccination is discontinued)
-Antibody might come from maternal antibodies
Treatment from FIV
No cure
- treatment is supportive
Bordetella Bronchiseptica
Pathogenic gram negative bacteria
Causes canine cough and bordetellosis (in cats)
Induces IL-10 production (anti-inflammatory cytokine)
Transmission: Direct contact, droplets/secretions, formites
Formite
A surface that a pathogen can spread from
(ex. a doorknob)
Clinical signs of B. bronchiseptica
- Cough
- Sneezing
- Nasal and/or ocular discharge
- difficulty breathing
- Inappetence
-Fever
Why is Canine cough a problem?
It causes the animal to be more vulnerable to other diseases
What are the 2 types of Avian Influenza
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) - H5 and H7
Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI)
For both the incubation period is 3-5 days
Transmission of avian influenza
- contact with wild birds
- contact with infected poultry
- water contamination
- formites
HPAI clinical signs
Depression
Respiratory distress
Enteritis (green droppings)
Sudden drop in feed and water uptake
Sudden drop in egg production
RAPIDLY DEVELOPING HIGH MORTALITY
Is avian influenza zoonotic?
YEP
Treatment for avian influenza
None - You gotta kill the birds
Porcine reproductive and respitory syndrome (PRRS)
Transmission: Feces, urine, semen
Infects and inhibits the macrophages
- this leaves the pig open to secondary infections (especially in the lung)
Clinical signs of PRRS
Respitory (pigs < 3 weeks old and in weaners)
- Conjunctivis (swelling of conjentavia)
- depression
- Dysphonea (shortness of breath)
Reproductive (adults)
- Anorexia (“Rolling inappetence”)
- Abortions
- Premature farrowing
- Mummified fetuses
- Stillbirths
- Neonatal death
- weak piglets
- infertility
Is there a cure for PRRS
Not now, but genetic engineering seems like a promising route
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) and what causes it
Pestivirus
Closely related to viruses causing Border disease in sheep and swine fever in pigs
Transmission:
- Contact with infected animals
- reproduction
-Formites
Duration, clinical signs, and treatment of Transient Infection (acute) (BVD)
Naive animal infected
transmissible for 4-10 days than pathogen eliminated
Symptoms:
-Pyrexia
- dullness
- transient leukopenia
- oral/nasal erosions/ulcers
- milk drop
- abortions
Quick recovery, not a big deal
- supportive treatment for secondary disease
What happens if a pregnant cow gets BVD
-Embryonic death
-Fetal death-abortion
-Mummification
OR THE BABY COULD BE PERMANENTLY INFECTED WITH IT
- creation of persistently infected (PI) cattle
Persistant infection (PI) - BVD
These cows will shed ncpBVD constantly
- source of infection in outbreaks
- can look clinically normal
Will eventually die from mucosal disease (MD) or secondary infection
Treatment:
Cull the cow :(
Mucosal disease
Only occurs in animals born PI following in-utero infection with ncpBVD
Clinical signs
- tired
- depression
Treatment:
Cull the cow :(
Where do macrophages come from?
Circulatory system and tissue
Where do eosinophils come from
circulatory system
Where do neutrophils come from
the circulatory system
Where do T and B cells come from
The lymph nodes (think lymphocyte)
Where do you find dendritic cells
in tissue and circulation
Where do you find monocytes?
In tissue
