Infectious and Noninfectious Disease Midterm 1

Question 1

Infectious disease

Answer 1

Contagious- Illness caused by pathogens
(eg. Influenza)

Question 2

Non-infectious disease

Answer 2

Illness caused by something that is not a pathogen
(eg. Cancer)

Question 3

Pathogenicity

Answer 3

Level of ability of a pathogen to cause disease

Question 4

Are bacteria bad?

Answer 4

Nope
Most of the time they’re very helpful.

Question 5

Transmissible

Answer 5

Contagious - able to spread from one individual to another
- Applies to both direct and indirect transmission

Question 6

Clinical Phase (incubation period)

Answer 6

Time of infection to first clinical symptoms
- varies with pathogen
- can vary with dose

Question 7

Infectious period

Answer 7

Time where the infection is transmissible

Question 8

Type A infection

Answer 8

Contagious prior to symptoms

Question 9

Type B Infection

Answer 9

Contagious after symptoms start

Question 10

When do you start to see symptoms?

Answer 10

When the immune system kicks in

Question 11

What is the most abundant biological entity on Earth?

Answer 11

Viruses
By the way, most of them make you sick >:(

Question 12

Can Viruses replicate by themselves?

Answer 12

No, they need a host cell

Question 13

Latent period

Answer 13

The time from infection to the time where the infection is transmissible

Question 14

Enveloped virus

Answer 14

Hard to make vaccines from, but easy to kill with alcohol (It destroys the envelope)

Question 15

Non-enveloped virus

Answer 15

Hard to kill with alcohol, but easier than enveloped viruses to make vaccines for

Question 16

5 steps of viral infection

Answer 16

1. Get into the cell
2. Release DNA or RNA
3. Hijack host cell machinery for replication
4. Latency period
5. Shedding of viral particles

Question 17

Example of DNA viruses

Answer 17

Pox virus
- many are zoonotic
Parvo viruses
Herpes viruses

Question 18

Example or RNA viruses

Answer 18

Rhabdoviruses (Rabies)

Corona viruses

Question 19

Why do RNA viruses suck?

Answer 19

-High mutation rate makes it very hard to make vaccines for
- immune cell memory is infected due to the antigen changing so often

Question 20

Genome reassortment

Answer 20

RNA can be shared amongst viruses, making entirely new codes

Question 21

Bacteria

Answer 21

Prokaryotic, single celled organisms

Most are very helpful
-Fewer than 100 species are known to cause disease

Question 22

Shapes of Bacteria

Answer 22

Bacilli (rod)
Spirilla (spirals)
- cork screws
- comma
Cocci (spherical)

Question 23

Generation time

Answer 23

Length of time it takes for a bacteria to reproduce
- some bacteria form spores

Question 24

Gram staining

Answer 24

Distinguishes bacteria into gram negative and gram positive bacteria

Question 25

Why is gram staining important?

Answer 25

Gram negative bacteria have largely impermeable cell walls and are more resistant to antibiotics

Question 26

Antimicrobials (Antibiotics)

Answer 26

Treat or prevent bacterial infections

Question 27

Antibiotic resistance

Answer 27

Bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics

Question 28

Fungi

Answer 28

Eukaryotes eg. yeast, mushrooms, mold Less than 100 cause problems Many are commensal and only cause problems when they overgrow

Question 29

Protozoa

Answer 29

Single celled Eukaryotes Most cause diarrhea Treatment: Some antimicrobials can develop resistance

Question 30

Helminths

Answer 30

Parasites - often have intermediate hosts - Cestodes: Tapeworms - Trematodes: Flukes - Nematodes: Roundworms

Question 31

Nematodes

Answer 31

Roundworms ~50% are parasitic - can infect almost any organ - 2 separate sexes

Question 32

Tapeworms

Answer 32

Endoparasites - Has multiple segments - no gut

Question 33

Anthelmintic resistance

Answer 33

Worms can gain resistance - this is due to too much dewormer being used

Question 34

Arthropods

Answer 34

Ecto and endo parasites - separate sexes - lots of parasitic species

Question 35

Ecto-parasite

Answer 35

Parasite that live in or on the skin, but not in the body

Question 36

Endo-parasite

Answer 36

Parasite that lives in the body

Question 37

mycotoxicosis

Answer 37

"the consequence of ingestion of grains or forage containing toxic metabolites produced by certain fungi" Iowa State University

Question 38

Mycosis

Answer 38

A fungal infection -usually caused by the overgrowth of a fungus naturally found in the body