One Health and One Welfare Flashcards
How do we measure health? (General)
Growth
Reproduction (Food Animals)
Behaviour (what’s normal for the species?)
How do we measure health? (food animals)
Grow rapidly (broiler chickens)
Reproduce efficiently (swine)
Milk production (dairy cattle)
Gain lean weight rapidly (beef cattle)
Performance (horses)
Healthy food products (food animals)
How do we measure health? (companion animals)
Very similar to how we measure humans
Lifespan
Behaviour
Friendliness
Potential for zoonotic disease
Disease
An interruption or disorder of body functions, systems, or organs
How do you recognize a morbid entity?
A morbid entity has two of the following:
- Recognized causative agents
- Identifiable group of signs and conditions
- Consistent anatomical alteration
Which organization care about animal health
- Health Canada
- WHO
- Public Health Agency of Canada
- Agriculture and Agi-Food Canada
- Whole Health Organization for Animal Health
- Canadian Food Agency
Why does animal health matter?
-One health
- welfare of animals
- Food production
- Global trade
- Economics
How do we maintain health and help prevent disease?
- Environmental management
- Nutrition
- Genetics
- Human interactions
- Preventative medicine
- Biosecurity
What are some aspects of Environment and Management
- Pathogen exposure
- Hygiene
- Exposure to elements
Problems regarding nutrition?
- Malnutrition
- Over nutrition (includes overweightedness and too much nutrients)
- Inappropriate nutrition (provided a diet that does not maintain their health)
What problems arise from genetics?
- Susceptibility to disease
- Inappropriate nutrition
Koch’s Postulates
- The microorganism needs to be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease
- Microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and frown in pure culture
- The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism
- The microorganism must be re-isolated form the inoculated diseased experimental host and identified to be identical to the original
Zoonoses
A disease or infection where infection is naturally transferable from animals to humans
Reverse zoonoses
A human disease is transferable to animals
What % of human disease are zoonotic
62% of infectious human pathogens are zoonoses
75% of emerging human infections are zoonotic
One health approach
Humans, animals, and ecosystems are all connected and must be treated for people to be healthy
5 Domains Welfare Framework
- Nutrition
- Physical Environment
- Health
- Behavioural Interaction
- Mental/Affective state
What determines welfare?
A combination of physical and mental state
- Supporting both individual physical and mental needs
- coping ability
- Opportunities for positive experiences (not just avoiding bad ones)
How do animals benefit human welfare?
- Increased socialization
- Increased exercise
- Sense of companionship
- Decreased anxiety
How do animals negatively affect human welfare?
- Financial concerns
- Wealth
- Lack of infrastructure support
- Health and behaviour issues
- Human mental heath issues make it hard to care for animals
Is violence towards animals an accurate indicator of human directed violence?
YES
(Animals are also often used as leverage to keep people in abusive situations)
Hoe do you use One Welfare to approach animal and human related violence?
- Provide resources and safe havens for victims of violence with pets
Do human mental issues affect your pet?
Yep.
A human’s mental and social detriments are strong predictors of animal welfare issues
(Ex. Humans with anxiety are more likely to have dogs with anxiety)
How does the environment affect animal health?
- Decreasing bird populations due to city lights, traffic noise, and lack of habitat
- Climate change (for obvious reasons)
- Lower bird populations = Increased insect populations = Increased potential for vector borne disease
What are some common problems in horse welfare. (One Health)
Horse
- Horses are kept in stalls (not very good)
- Unethical breeding
- Aftercare
Humans
- Jockeys need to maintain a certain weight
Environment
- Emissions
How’s mental health in the vet industry?
NOT GOOD
Veterinarian wellbeing is negatively associated with client satisfaction
24% of vets have contemplated suicide
What supports are available for animal producers and vets?
Sentinel Program (Quebec) - Flags producers with mental health issues
Not One More Vet - An online space that allows animal health workers to talk about their issues
But like still not a ton
