One Health and One Welfare

Question 1

How do we measure health? (General)

Answer 1

Growth
Reproduction (Food Animals)
Behaviour (what’s normal for the species?)

Question 2

How do we measure health? (food animals)

Answer 2

Grow rapidly (broiler chickens)
Reproduce efficiently (swine)
Milk production (dairy cattle)
Gain lean weight rapidly (beef cattle)
Performance (horses)
Healthy food products (food animals)

Question 3

How do we measure health? (companion animals)

Answer 3

Very similar to how we measure humans

Lifespan
Behaviour
Friendliness
Potential for zoonotic disease

Question 4

Disease

Answer 4

An interruption or disorder of body functions, systems, or organs

Question 5

How do you recognize a morbid entity?

Answer 5

A morbid entity has two of the following:
- Recognized causative agents
- Identifiable group of signs and conditions
- Consistent anatomical alteration

Question 6

Which organization care about animal health

Answer 6

• Health Canada
• WHO
• Public Health Agency of Canada
• Agriculture and Agi-Food Canada
• Whole Health Organization for Animal Health
• Canadian Food Agency

Question 7

Why does animal health matter?

Answer 7

-One health
- welfare of animals
- Food production
- Global trade
- Economics

Question 8

How do we maintain health and help prevent disease?

Answer 8

• Environmental management
• Nutrition
• Genetics
• Human interactions
• Preventative medicine
• Biosecurity

Question 9

What are some aspects of Environment and Management

Answer 9

• Pathogen exposure
• Hygiene
• Exposure to elements

Question 10

Problems regarding nutrition?

Answer 10

• Malnutrition
• Over nutrition (includes overweightedness and too much nutrients)
• Inappropriate nutrition (provided a diet that does not maintain their health)

Question 11

What problems arise from genetics?

Answer 11

• Susceptibility to disease
• Inappropriate nutrition

Question 12

Koch’s Postulates

Answer 12

1. The microorganism needs to be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease
2. Microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and frown in pure culture
3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism
4. The microorganism must be re-isolated form the inoculated diseased experimental host and identified to be identical to the original

Question 13

Zoonoses

Answer 13

A disease or infection where infection is naturally transferable from animals to humans

Question 14

Reverse zoonoses

Answer 14

A human disease is transferable to animals

Question 15

What % of human disease are zoonotic

Answer 15

62% of infectious human pathogens are zoonoses

75% of emerging human infections are zoonotic

Question 16

One health approach

Answer 16

Humans, animals, and ecosystems are all connected and must be treated for people to be healthy

Question 17

5 Domains Welfare Framework

Answer 17

1. Nutrition
2. Physical Environment
3. Health
4. Behavioural Interaction
5. Mental/Affective state

Question 18

What determines welfare?

Answer 18

A combination of physical and mental state
- Supporting both individual physical and mental needs
- coping ability
- Opportunities for positive experiences (not just avoiding bad ones)

Question 19

How do animals benefit human welfare?

Answer 19

• Increased socialization
• Increased exercise
• Sense of companionship
• Decreased anxiety

Question 20

How do animals negatively affect human welfare?

Answer 20

• Financial concerns
• Wealth
• Lack of infrastructure support
• Health and behaviour issues
• Human mental heath issues make it hard to care for animals

Question 21

Is violence towards animals an accurate indicator of human directed violence?

Answer 21

YES
(Animals are also often used as leverage to keep people in abusive situations)

Question 22

Hoe do you use One Welfare to approach animal and human related violence?

Answer 22

• Provide resources and safe havens for victims of violence with pets

Question 23

Do human mental issues affect your pet?

Answer 23

Yep.

A human’s mental and social detriments are strong predictors of animal welfare issues

(Ex. Humans with anxiety are more likely to have dogs with anxiety)

Question 24

How does the environment affect animal health?

Answer 24

• Decreasing bird populations due to city lights, traffic noise, and lack of habitat
• Climate change (for obvious reasons)
• Lower bird populations = Increased insect populations = Increased potential for vector borne disease

Question 25

What are some common problems in horse welfare. (One Health)

Answer 25

Horse
- Horses are kept in stalls (not very good)
- Unethical breeding
- Aftercare

Humans
- Jockeys need to maintain a certain weight

Environment
- Emissions

Question 26

How’s mental health in the vet industry?

Answer 26

NOT GOOD

Veterinarian wellbeing is negatively associated with client satisfaction

24% of vets have contemplated suicide

Question 27

What supports are available for animal producers and vets?

Answer 27

Sentinel Program (Quebec) - Flags producers with mental health issues

Not One More Vet - An online space that allows animal health workers to talk about their issues

But like still not a ton