speciation and taxonomy (CMO) Flashcards
what is a species
a group of organisms with observable similarities can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. they dont usually breed with other species
why is it difficult to define a species
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION results in variation within a species e.g. dogs
EVOLUTION species change over time
HYBRIDS mostly infertile
ISOLATIONISM species that are isolated may classify as different species
what is natural selection
when two individuals breed naturally without interference
what is artificial selection
when we choose individuals with desired characteristics and breed them
what is courtship
the way organisms behave in order to attract each other to allow mating
what type of stimulus occurs in courtship behaviour
visual
sound
what are innate behaviours
they are hardwired into animals they are triggered by stimulus and performed with no previous experience
what is the SRC
the stimulus response chain
how is the SRC a type of species recognition
different species have different SRC
what is the order of the SRC
1)male signals female in order to mate
2)female responds with a specific stimulus of her own
3)signals male 3)signals male
to continue to terminate
courtship courtship SRC
what is the benefit of courtship behaviour
SPECIES RECOGNITION
PAIR BOND
SYNCRONISED MATING
MATURITY IN ANIMALS
what is a pair bond
strong attraction between male and female breeding pairs
what is phylogenetic taxonomy
classification of living organisms based on evolutionary relationships
what are the 8 classification groups
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
what are the 5 kingdoms
Animalia
plantae
fungi
prokaryote
protist
what is morphology
the physical features of an animal e.g. bones
why are fossil records important
often provides clues to evolutionary relationships and can provide evidence
what are embryonical patterns
early patterns provide evidence of phylogenetic relationships and can provide evidence
what does the system classification show
ancestor
common ancestors
when organisms diverged
shows how closely organisms are related
what are the problems with classification
using physical characteristics has many limitations and can often lead to the wrong classification of species
this method makes scientists encounter many problems
how is the evolution of an organism shown
by a phylogenetic tree
what goes on the axis on a phylogenetic tree
diversity across
time down
what methods are used for phylogenetic taxonomy
comparing morphology
fossil evidence
embryonic similarities/ differences
what method is used in molecular taxonomy/DNA sequencing
advances in DNA, RNA and protein sequencing
immunology
comparing amino acids
what is a lions classification
K anamilia
P chordota
C mammalia
O carnivora
F felidae
G panthera
S panthera leo
what is a genome
an organisms entire genetic makeup
what are the three types of sequence data
DNA
MRNA
amino acids
what are the benefits of genome sequencing
compare sequencing of similar morphology
use remains of extinct species
compare species and analyse where evolution may occur
what is immunology
proteins are used to compare protein albumin found in many species
how is immunology used
1)pure albumin samples extracted from blood samples taken from species
2)each pure albumin injected into rabbit. each rabbit produces antibodies for specific type of albumin
3)antibodies extracted from rabbit and mixed with albumin species
4)precipitate from each sample is weighed
what is meant if the albumin precipitate is high
the greater weight means the greater complementary
what is meant by heirarchy
the systemic organisation of organisms into levels/ taxons
how is heirarchial taxonomy classified
by shared similarities and features
how is phylogenetic taxonomy classified
by evolutionary history
how is molecular classified
by biological molecules which shows similarities and relationships
what is a gene
a small section of DNA containing code that determines organisms features
how is DNA important in molecular taxonomy
compare organisms
shows how species evolved from one another
classify organisms
why is DNA used
molecular taxonomy
it is found in all types of organisms
why is protein used
molecular taxonomy
it is universal/ found in all organisms e.g. haemoglobin
what does comparing proteins allow
molecular taxonomy
shows similarities and differences between organisms
classify organisms
determine evolutionary relationships
what is haemoglobin
interlinking of four polypeptide chains
twisted to give spherical shape
each polypeptide has Fe containing haem group
what is cytochrome C
consists of interlocking amino acids
twisted/bended
central single haem group
how many standard amino acids are there
20
what is the relationship between animals that are closely related and there amino acids
animals that are closely related have similar amino acid sequences
what is DNA hybridisation
DNA is heated
double strand to single strand
the heat breaks up the hydrogen bonds
what is the process of DNA hybridisation
1)denature the human DNA heat to 85-90’c
do the same with the other
2)human SSDNA is produced label with radioactive tag
3)cool and allow SSDNA to hybridise with other organisms
the H bonds reform
