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biology > speciation and taxonomy (CMO) > Flashcards

speciation and taxonomy (CMO) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a species

A

a group of organisms with observable similarities can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. they dont usually breed with other species

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2
Q

why is it difficult to define a species

A

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION results in variation within a species e.g. dogs
EVOLUTION species change over time
HYBRIDS mostly infertile
ISOLATIONISM species that are isolated may classify as different species

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3
Q

what is natural selection

A

when two individuals breed naturally without interference

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4
Q

what is artificial selection

A

when we choose individuals with desired characteristics and breed them

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5
Q

what is courtship

A

the way organisms behave in order to attract each other to allow mating

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6
Q

what type of stimulus occurs in courtship behaviour

A

visual
sound

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7
Q

what are innate behaviours

A

they are hardwired into animals they are triggered by stimulus and performed with no previous experience

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8
Q

what is the SRC

A

the stimulus response chain

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9
Q

how is the SRC a type of species recognition

A

different species have different SRC

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10
Q

what is the order of the SRC

A

1)male signals female in order to mate
2)female responds with a specific stimulus of her own
3)signals male 3)signals male
to continue to terminate
courtship courtship SRC

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11
Q

what is the benefit of courtship behaviour

A

SPECIES RECOGNITION
PAIR BOND
SYNCRONISED MATING
MATURITY IN ANIMALS

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12
Q

what is a pair bond

A

strong attraction between male and female breeding pairs

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13
Q

what is phylogenetic taxonomy

A

classification of living organisms based on evolutionary relationships

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14
Q

what are the 8 classification groups

A

DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES

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15
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms

A

Animalia
plantae
fungi
prokaryote
protist

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16
Q

what is morphology

A

the physical features of an animal e.g. bones

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17
Q

why are fossil records important

A

often provides clues to evolutionary relationships and can provide evidence

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18
Q

what are embryonical patterns

A

early patterns provide evidence of phylogenetic relationships and can provide evidence

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19
Q

what does the system classification show

A

ancestor
common ancestors
when organisms diverged
shows how closely organisms are related

20
Q

what are the problems with classification

A

using physical characteristics has many limitations and can often lead to the wrong classification of species
this method makes scientists encounter many problems

21
Q

how is the evolution of an organism shown

A

by a phylogenetic tree

22
Q

what goes on the axis on a phylogenetic tree

A

diversity across
time down

23
Q

what methods are used for phylogenetic taxonomy

A

comparing morphology
fossil evidence
embryonic similarities/ differences

24
Q

what method is used in molecular taxonomy/DNA sequencing

A

advances in DNA, RNA and protein sequencing
immunology
comparing amino acids

25
Q

what is a lions classification

A

K anamilia
P chordota
C mammalia
O carnivora
F felidae
G panthera
S panthera leo

26
Q

what is a genome

A

an organisms entire genetic makeup

27
Q

what are the three types of sequence data

A

DNA
MRNA
amino acids

28
Q

what are the benefits of genome sequencing

A

compare sequencing of similar morphology
use remains of extinct species
compare species and analyse where evolution may occur

29
Q

what is immunology

A

proteins are used to compare protein albumin found in many species

30
Q

how is immunology used

A

1)pure albumin samples extracted from blood samples taken from species
2)each pure albumin injected into rabbit. each rabbit produces antibodies for specific type of albumin
3)antibodies extracted from rabbit and mixed with albumin species
4)precipitate from each sample is weighed

31
Q

what is meant if the albumin precipitate is high

A

the greater weight means the greater complementary

32
Q

what is meant by heirarchy

A

the systemic organisation of organisms into levels/ taxons

33
Q

how is heirarchial taxonomy classified

A

by shared similarities and features

34
Q

how is phylogenetic taxonomy classified

A

by evolutionary history

35
Q

how is molecular classified

A

by biological molecules which shows similarities and relationships

36
Q

what is a gene

A

a small section of DNA containing code that determines organisms features

37
Q

how is DNA important in molecular taxonomy

A

compare organisms
shows how species evolved from one another
classify organisms

38
Q

why is DNA used
molecular taxonomy

A

it is found in all types of organisms

39
Q

why is protein used
molecular taxonomy

A

it is universal/ found in all organisms e.g. haemoglobin

40
Q

what does comparing proteins allow
molecular taxonomy

A

shows similarities and differences between organisms
classify organisms
determine evolutionary relationships

41
Q

what is haemoglobin

A

interlinking of four polypeptide chains
twisted to give spherical shape
each polypeptide has Fe containing haem group

42
Q

what is cytochrome C

A

consists of interlocking amino acids
twisted/bended
central single haem group

43
Q

how many standard amino acids are there

A

20

44
Q

what is the relationship between animals that are closely related and there amino acids

A

animals that are closely related have similar amino acid sequences

45
Q

what is DNA hybridisation

A

DNA is heated
double strand to single strand
the heat breaks up the hydrogen bonds

46
Q

what is the process of DNA hybridisation

A

1)denature the human DNA heat to 85-90’c
do the same with the other
2)human SSDNA is produced label with radioactive tag
3)cool and allow SSDNA to hybridise with other organisms
the H bonds reform

biology (8 decks)

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