biological molecule carbohydrates (KRJ) Flashcards
what is a monomer
smaller molecules which chemically join to form polymers
what is a polymer
large molecules that are made from the same repeating unit
what is polymerisation
addition of monomers by condensation reactions to form polymers
what type of bond is used to link monosaccharides
glycosidic
what type of bond links nucleotides
phosphodiester
what type of bonds are used to link amino acids
peptide bond
what is meant by condensation reactions
the removal of water to form a new bond to make a polymer
what is meant by hydrolysis
the addition of water to break the glycosidic bond
used to breakdown polymers
what type of bonds join lipids
ester bonds
what is the general formula of glucose
C6H12O6
what is the general formula
CnH2nOn
how do you remember alpha glucose
down
down
up
down
how do you remember beta glucose
up
down
up
down
what monosaccharides make maltose
alpha glucose +alpha glucose
what monosaccharides make sucrose
fructose + alpha glucose
what monosaccharides make lactose
galactose +glucose
what is a disaccharide
it is formed when two monosaccharides join together
it involves the loss of a water molecule by a condensation reaction and a glycosidic bond formed
where does the glycosidic bond form
with a hydroxide group and a hydrogen
what are the four monosaccharides
alpha glucose
beta glucose
galactose
fructose
what are the three disaccharides
maltose
lactose
sucrose
what are the three polysaccharides
starch
cellulose
glycogen
what is the structure and function of starch like
only in plant cells
made from alpha glucose
especially in seeds as storage
-it is hydrolysed into glucose transported easily and used for respiration
-helical shape so compact alot stored in small space
-large molecule so not easily transported across cell membrane
-insoluble so does not affect the osmotic balance
what are the two types of starch
amylose
amylopectin
what is the structure and function of glycogen
storage in animal cells made up of alpha glucose
highly branched many 1/6 bonds and 1/4
- hydrolysed into glucose transported easily for reparation
-highly branched so glucose hydrolysed quickly
-large molecule
-insoluble
what is the structure and function of cellulose
made of beta glucose
held by glycosidic bond
every 2nd molecule inverted to form a long straight chain
straight chain held together by many hydrogen bonds
this forms microfibrils
provides strength
what is the purpose of digestion
converts food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream by the small intestines
how does the body use the products it absorbs
used to build new carbohydrates, proteins, lipids which can be used for respiration
what enzyme breaks down starch
where is it made
amylase
pancrease, small intestine . salivary gland
what enzyme breaks down fats
where is it made
lipase
pancrease small intestine
describe the complete digestion of starch
starch(amylase) is broken down into the disaccharide maltose by amylose
maltose disaccharide of 2 alpha glucose is broken down by maltase which is embedded in epithelium lining of the small intestine to glucose
what is the test and results of starch
iodine
orange -> blue/black
what is the test and result of sugar
benedicts solution and heat
variety of colours
blue ,green, yellow ,orange,red
what is the test and results for fats
ethanol solution
cloudy layer in test tube
what is the test and results for protein
biuret solution
turns lilac/purple
how many hydrogen molecules are in a disaccharide
22
