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biology > biological molecule carbohydrates (KRJ) > Flashcards

biological molecule carbohydrates (KRJ) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a monomer

A

smaller molecules which chemically join to form polymers

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2
Q

what is a polymer

A

large molecules that are made from the same repeating unit

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3
Q

what is polymerisation

A

addition of monomers by condensation reactions to form polymers

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4
Q

what type of bond is used to link monosaccharides

A

glycosidic

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5
Q

what type of bond links nucleotides

A

phosphodiester

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6
Q

what type of bonds are used to link amino acids

A

peptide bond

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7
Q

what is meant by condensation reactions

A

the removal of water to form a new bond to make a polymer

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8
Q

what is meant by hydrolysis

A

the addition of water to break the glycosidic bond
used to breakdown polymers

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9
Q

what type of bonds join lipids

A

ester bonds

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10
Q

what is the general formula of glucose

A

C6H12O6

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11
Q

what is the general formula

A

CnH2nOn

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12
Q

how do you remember alpha glucose

A

down
down
up
down

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13
Q

how do you remember beta glucose

A

up
down
up
down

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14
Q

what monosaccharides make maltose

A

alpha glucose +alpha glucose

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15
Q

what monosaccharides make sucrose

A

fructose + alpha glucose

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16
Q

what monosaccharides make lactose

A

galactose +glucose

17
Q

what is a disaccharide

A

it is formed when two monosaccharides join together
it involves the loss of a water molecule by a condensation reaction and a glycosidic bond formed

18
Q

where does the glycosidic bond form

A

with a hydroxide group and a hydrogen

19
Q

what are the four monosaccharides

A

alpha glucose
beta glucose
galactose
fructose

20
Q

what are the three disaccharides

A

maltose
lactose
sucrose

21
Q

what are the three polysaccharides

A

starch
cellulose
glycogen

22
Q

what is the structure and function of starch like

A

only in plant cells
made from alpha glucose
especially in seeds as storage
-it is hydrolysed into glucose transported easily and used for respiration
-helical shape so compact alot stored in small space
-large molecule so not easily transported across cell membrane
-insoluble so does not affect the osmotic balance

23
Q

what are the two types of starch

A

amylose
amylopectin

24
Q

what is the structure and function of glycogen

A

storage in animal cells made up of alpha glucose
highly branched many 1/6 bonds and 1/4
- hydrolysed into glucose transported easily for reparation
-highly branched so glucose hydrolysed quickly
-large molecule
-insoluble

25
Q

what is the structure and function of cellulose

A

made of beta glucose
held by glycosidic bond
every 2nd molecule inverted to form a long straight chain
straight chain held together by many hydrogen bonds
this forms microfibrils
provides strength

26
Q

what is the purpose of digestion

A

converts food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream by the small intestines

27
Q

how does the body use the products it absorbs

A

used to build new carbohydrates, proteins, lipids which can be used for respiration

28
Q

what enzyme breaks down starch
where is it made

A

amylase

pancrease, small intestine . salivary gland

29
Q

what enzyme breaks down fats
where is it made

A

lipase

pancrease small intestine

30
Q

describe the complete digestion of starch

A

starch(amylase) is broken down into the disaccharide maltose by amylose
maltose disaccharide of 2 alpha glucose is broken down by maltase which is embedded in epithelium lining of the small intestine to glucose

31
Q

what is the test and results of starch

A

iodine
orange -> blue/black

32
Q

what is the test and result of sugar

A

benedicts solution and heat
variety of colours
blue ,green, yellow ,orange,red

33
Q

what is the test and results for fats

A

ethanol solution
cloudy layer in test tube

34
Q

what is the test and results for protein

A

biuret solution
turns lilac/purple

35
Q

how many hydrogen molecules are in a disaccharide

A

22

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