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biodiversity (CMO) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a selection pressure

A

they are environmental pressures which effect the chance of survival e.g. resource availability

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2
Q

what is stabilizing selection

A

relatively constant change over generations

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3
Q

what is directional selection

A

gradual change over generations
natural selection in which alleles change over time, this typically occurs in environments where change in environment occur e.g. Darwin’s finches

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4
Q

what is disruption selection

A

maintain high frequency of two different alleles
occurs within any population e.g. Darwins finches
for: both extremes
against: moderate traits

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5
Q

what is natural selection

A

the theory that organisms with advantageous traits survive and reproduce thus passing the trait to the offspring

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6
Q

what is biodiversity

A

it is the variation between all forms of life

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7
Q

why is biodiversity important

A

it allows ecosystems to be resilient to change within the environment

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8
Q

what is an ecosystem / habitat diversity

A

it is the range of different ecosystems within a region
larger habitat frequency = higher biodiversity

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9
Q

what is an example of a region with high biodiversity

A

the coral reef
has high frequency of species and individual species within communities

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10
Q

what is an example of a region with low biodiversity

A

the desert
species Widley dispersed and have harsh conditions

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11
Q

what is species rich

A

a species with a high frequency

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12
Q

why is maintaining biodiversity important

A

morally
stability of ecosystems
environmental
economic
aesthetic
agriculturally

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13
Q

what is the index diversity equation

A

d= N(N-1)
———-
En (n-1)

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14
Q

what is genetic diversity

A

it is the different number of alleles in genes

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15
Q

what is genetic isolationism

A

when two groups are isolated so become genetically isolated, as they no longer interbreed / exchange genetics so evolve independently

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16
Q

what is comparing characteristics

A

it is quick but mot very reliable e.g. comparing features like fur

17
Q

what are measurable characteristics

A

features we can analyse and measure e.g. DNA analysis

18
Q

how do we compare nucleotides

A

DNA is extracted from nuclei of organism can be blood or fossil /skin
DNA is then processed, base sequence compared
more similar = closer related

19
Q

mitochondria DNA analysis

A

analyse DNA from mitochondria
zygote only contain mitochondria from maternal egg cell
no crossover mean mutation
e.g. mitochondria eve

20
Q

MRNA analysis

A

located in cytoplasm easier to use than DNA. this is used to produce CDNA which contain the coding region of gene. compare this using universal protein cytochrome C.

21
Q

amino acid comparison

A

amino acid easy to isolate from cell
the AA sequence is compared. protein must be the same e.g. haemoglobin
similar sequence = similar species

22
Q

how have humans impacted biodiversity

A

as the population increase this led to an increase in:
mass extinction
climate change
competition for resources
introduction of new species
hunting
loss of habitat

23
Q

what are traditional crops

A

sown in spring
gap between harvesting 5-6 months

24
Q

what are modern crops

A

sown in autumn
gap between ploughing and harvesting 1-2 weeks , this leaves little time for birds to get food. if no foot available biodiversity of birds declines

25
Q

what is organic farming

A

farming that involves no harmful chemicals or pesticides reduces the amount of insects and animals ingesting harmful chemicals

26
Q

what impact are bees having on diversity

A

bees pollinate crops but there population is rapidly declining. the species are facing extinction
extensive farming and monoculture reduces biodiversity
pesticide also affect the population

27
Q

why do farmers use pesticides

A

farms are not economically friendly as it is costly to run environmentally friendly
higher yield with ,modern farming

28
Q

what is inerspecific variation

A

this refers to the vast genetic diversity between individuals from different species

29
Q

what is intraspecific variation

A

this refers to variation within species

30
Q

what are the benefits of random sampling

A

ensure there is no bias
reduces chance
we can lower the risk of bias by increasing sample size

31
Q

what are anatomical adaptations

A

physical features e.g. long necks on giraffe
hairy frogs bones in feet break and bones are used as weapons. tissue heals and regenerates

32
Q

what are physiological adaptations

A

internal body adaptions which help organisms to survive e.g. komodo dragons
have high levels of bacteria in mouth
when bite prey they die of infection

33
Q

what are behavioural adaptations

A

can be passed on from parent or learnt at a very young age
if behaviour beneficial more likely to survive and pass advantageous behaviour on to kid
e.g. Christmas island crabs

34
Q

what is genetic drift

A

a change in allele frequency due to chance, this can cause extinction of gene variants so lowering gene pool. could cause rare alleles to become prominent

35
Q

what is a genetic bottleneck

A

a catastrophic event that occur resulting in a population size to reduce by 50%

36
Q

what is a founder effect

A

occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a population
the new population will become the founders

37
Q

what is speciation

A

it is the formation of new species from an existing species

38
Q

what is allopatric speciation

A

this is a result of geographic isolationism this occurs when population is geographically isolated e.g. lakes, motorways
the population cannot exchange genetics
different selective pressure or genetic drift result in the evolution of a new species

39
Q

what is sympatric speciation

A

occurs with no geographic barrier, they live within the same environment but no gene flow between them
ecological separation when species start to adapt living in same environment
the adaption occurs over generations and can result in new species

biology (8 decks)

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