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mass movement animals (JPB) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the relationship between surface area : volume

A

as size increases surface area : volume ratio decreases this means that a mass transport system is required

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2
Q

what are common features of a mass transport system

A

a suitable medium in which to carry materials
a form of mass transport
a closed system of tubular vessels
a mechanism for moving the medium this requires a pressure difference
a pump to transport the medium

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3
Q

how is movement achieved in a transport system / animals

A

by muscle contraction of the body or the heart

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4
Q

how is movement achieved in a transport system / plants

A

natural passive processes such as evaporation of water

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5
Q

why are valves important

A

they maintain the mass flow of blood in one direction

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6
Q

what is a double circulatory system

A

mammals have them blood stays in the blood vessels and passes through each circuit twice

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7
Q

why is a double circulatory system needed

A

it is needed as when blood travels through the lungs its pressure is reduced and so blood flow is slow, blood is returned to the left side of the heart to boost the pressure

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8
Q

what is the role of arteries

A

arteries transport oxygenated blood away from the heart towards tissues at the highest pressure
exception pulmonary artery

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9
Q

what is the role of the veins

A

veins transport deoxygenated blood towards the heart muscle at the lowest pressure towards the right hand side of heart to lungs to be reoxygenated
exception pulmonary vein

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10
Q

what is the role of the capillaries

A

where rapid exchange of metabolic materials take place rapidly
they is because :
there are million, provides LSA
one cell thick so SPD
lots of them creating GBS and a steep diffusion gradient

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11
Q

what does renal mean

A

kidneys

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12
Q

what does pulmonary mean

A

lungs

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13
Q

features of the aorta

A

deals with the greatest pressure and is connected to the left ventrical

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14
Q

features of the vena cava

A

connected to the right atrium and receives low pressure deoxygenated blood from the body
superior and inferior

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15
Q

what is the structure of the heart

A

a muscular organ that lies in the thoracic cavity
made up of 4 chambers

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16
Q

features of the atrium

A

both left and right atrium have thin walls that stretch and recoil as they collect blood

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17
Q

features of the ventricles

A

much thicker muscular wall as they contract strongly to pump blood to the lungs or the body

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18
Q

why is the left ventricle wall so thick

Eris was here

A

has the thickest muscle wall as
it has the strongest contraction so that a high blood pressure is created to send blood around the entire body

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19
Q

how is the right ventricle adapted

A

has thin muscle wall as blood only has to travel to the lungs

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20
Q

what does systemic mean

A

the whole body

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21
Q

features of the lest side of the heart

A

oxygenated
high blood pressure
to the body

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22
Q

feature of the right side of the heart (you literally cant spell)

A

deoxygenated
lowest blood pressure
to the lungs to re oxygenate

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23
Q

why are transport systems needed

A

they are used to move substances over long distances
diffusion also used

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24
Q

what are the valves between the atrium and ventricle called

A

AV / atrioventricular valves
BICUSPID/left
TRICUSPID/right

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25
Q

why are the AV valves needed

A

the valves prevent blood into the atria when the ventricles contract/systole

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26
Q

what does the pulmonary artery do

A

connected to the RV
carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
it is re oxygenated CO2 removed

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27
Q

what does the pulmonary vein do

A

connected to the left atrium
brings oxygenated blood back from the lungs

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28
Q

what are the coronary arteries

A

supply the heart with blood these branch off the aorta shortly after it leaves the heart needed as heart does not meet the oxygen required
blockage of this can lead to myocardial infarcation / heart attack

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29
Q

factors that make it more likely to have a circulatory pump

A

low SA:V ratio
high metabolism, cells need more oxygen and glucose

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30
Q

advantages of a double circulatory system

A

increases blood pressure and so increases amount of blood moving to tissue and throughout the body
it re pressurises blood
re oxygenates blood

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31
Q

what are the semilunar valves

A

aortic / left
pulmonary / right

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32
Q

what is the function of the coronary arteries

A

carry oxygenated blood to the heart muscle which allows the muscle cells to respire and contracts

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33
Q

what is a risk factor

A

risk factors is any factor that increase the risk of a disease

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34
Q

examples of risk factors

A

too much saturated fats
genetics
not enough exercise (sedimentary lifestyle )
too much cholesterol
drugs
too much alcohol

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35
Q

what are the semi lunar valves

A

aortic valve between the left ventricle and aorta which prevents backflow of blood in aorta
pulmonary valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery prevent backflow RA

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36
Q

how is the highest blood pressure produced in the left ventricle

A

there is the most muscle in the wall which means that their is a stronger contraction so higher pressure

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37
Q

what does systole mean

A

contraction

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38
Q

what does diastole mean

A

relaxation

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39
Q

what is one cardiac cycle

A

one cardiac cycle is 1 heart beat which is roughly 0.7 seconds

40
Q

what is the cardiac diastole
1st step

A

cardiac diastole
blood returns from atria through the vena cava and pulmonary artery
AV valves are closed the atrium fill with blood the volume and pressure fill up
gravity aids the movement

41
Q

what force aids the movement of blood in the heart

A

gravity

42
Q

what creates valves to open

A

AV valves open when the pressure in the atrium are higher than in the ventricle

43
Q

what is the atrial systole
2nd step

A

atrial systole the atrium contract as ventricles are relaxed so fill with blood
AS forces blood to ventricles
contraction is weak as blood doesn’t need to travel far and is aided by gravity

44
Q

what is ventricular systole

A

short delay between AS and VS
this allows the ventricle to completely fill
allows atria to empty
AV valves close as pressure in atria less than ventricles
semi lunar valves open as pressure in the ventricles is more than the arteries

45
Q

what is the equasion for cardiac output

A

CO = HR x SV

46
Q

what is cardiac output

A

the volume of the blood pumped out by one ventricle of the heart in 1 minute

47
Q

what is the average heart rate

A

60 -100 bpm

48
Q

what is the stroke volume

A

the volume of blood pumped out of the LV

49
Q

what is the normal SV

A

roughly 70 ml

50
Q

how do you remember the order of the heart beat

A

San
Nct
Avn 1
Avn 2
Contraction
purKinje

51
Q

what is the SAN

A

the sinoatrial node (pacemaker)
sends impulse across both atrium causing atrial systole

52
Q

what is the NCT

A

the non conducting tissue prevents the immediate contracting of ventricles

53
Q

what is the AVN 1

A

delays next impulse while the atrium empty and the ventricles fill

54
Q

what is the AVN 2

A

impulse sent down the bundle of hiss and up the purkinje fibre

55
Q

why is the contraction so important in the cell cycle

A

contraction is apex up which forces all of the blood up and out at a high pressure

56
Q

what does the ECG record

A

an ECG records the electrical activity of your heart

57
Q

what order do the waves occur

A

P Q R S T

58
Q

what does the P wave record

A

atrial systole

59
Q

what does the QRS wave record

A

ventricular systole

60
Q

what does the T wave record

A

diastole

61
Q

describe how the heartbeat is initiated and coordinated

A

the SAN controls the speed and rhythm of the heart by sending an electrical impulse across both atrium
NCT prevents immediate contraction of the ventricles
AVN delays the next impulse so the atrium can empty and ventricles to fill. the AVN then sends an impulse down the bundle of hiss and up the purkinje fibres
this causes contraction of the heart apex up of the heart forcing blood up and out

62
Q

what is the function of the arteries

A

usually oxygenated blood at high pressure traveling away from the heart

63
Q

what is the function of the veins

A

usually oxygenated blood at low pressure traveling towards the heart

64
Q

what is the function of the capillaries

A

there are millions of them, exchange takes place here
they are very delicate

65
Q

what is the function of arterioles

A

smaller arteries that control blood flow from arteries to the capillaries

66
Q

what is the function of venules

A

smaller veins that return blood from capillaries to the vein

67
Q

how do you remember the layers of blood vessels

A

Tough fibrous outer layer
Muscle layer
Elastic layer
Lumen
Thin inner lining / endothelium

68
Q

what is the tough fibrous lining

A

resist pressure change within

69
Q

what is the muscle layer

A

contract and relax which controls the blood flow

70
Q

what is the elastic layer

A

it stretches and recoil which maintains the BP

71
Q

what is the lumen

A

narrow and wide it is the central cavity where the blood flows

72
Q

what is the thin inner lining

A

smooth to reduce friction
diffusion to capillaries

73
Q

what is the structure and function of the arteries

A

arteries rapidly transport blood under high pressure away from the heart to tissue
-thick muscle layer
-thicker elastic layer
- stretches and recoils to maintain high BP propel blood and smooth pressure surges
-thick walls to resist bursting
-no valves
-lumen is narrow to control blood flow

74
Q

what is the structure and function of arteriols

A

lower pressure than arteries
control blood flow
more muscle than arteries to control blood flow
thinner elastic layer than arteries yo lower BP

75
Q

what is the structure and function of capillaries

A

exchange metabolic materials between blood and cells
no elastic or muscle cells
millions of them highly branched providing LSA
walls consist mostly endothelium lining creating SDP
have a narrow lumen so RBC have to squeeze flat against capillary
space between the lining cells which allows WBC to leave
RBC travel in single file slowly so time for diffusion RBC dont back up as millions

76
Q

what is the structure and function of veins

A

deoxygenated blood at a low speed and pressure from capillaries to heart muscle
thin muscle layer
thin elastic layer
wide lumen
overall thickness is small
valves prevent backflow

77
Q

what is osmosis

A

it is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

78
Q

why is tissue fluid important

A

it surrounds every cell in the body, it is dynamic (always changing) depending on the body’s needs
TF supplies tissues with all it needs and in return receives CO2 and any other waste materials
it is where materials are exchanged

79
Q

what does tissue fluid consist of

A

glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, ions in solution, oxygen

80
Q

what happens to any excess TF

A

not all of the TF can return to the capillary so any excess is carried back via the lymphatic system

81
Q

what is odema

A

a build up of tissue fluid that usually builds up in the feet and ankles as there is a lack of lymphatic vessels. as the heart beats faster there is higher infiltration so TF cannot drain into lymphatic vessels and remains into intercellular space

82
Q

explain how TF forms and how it returns to the circulatory system

A

the contraction of the LV creates high hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end which forces small molecules e.g. glucose, water. large molecules remain in the capillary which decreases the water potential at the venous end so water moves back in via osmosis. the lymphatic system collects any excess TF which is returned to the blood

83
Q

how does a lack of protein cause a build up of tissue fluid

A

the water potential in the capillary is higher as there is no protein so no water is removed from the capillary by osmosis

84
Q

what is haemoglobin

A

haemoglobin is a protein with a quaternary structure , it is composed of 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha, 2 beta)

85
Q

what does each haemoglobin composed of

A

has 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha 2 beta)
the 4 pp chains form an almost spherical shape
each pp chain contains a haem group
each haem group contain a ferrous group

86
Q

where does haemoglobin load oxygen

A

HB loads oxygen in the lungs and unloads oxygen in respiring cells

87
Q

what is affinity

A

a chemical attraction

88
Q

what does it mean if HB has high affinity for oxygen

A

it takes up oxygen more easily and releases it less easily
in respiring cells HB have low affinity of oxygen so it readily unloads oxygen

89
Q

what is partial pressure

A

a measure of the concentration of one gas in a mixture of gasses
in lungs PpO2 high
respiring cells PpO2 low

90
Q

what is the role of HB in supplying oxygen to tissues

A

HB loads oxygen in the lungs to form oxyhaemoglobin at high PpO2 (almost fully saturated)
it unloads oxygen in respiring tissues at low PpO2, unbinding caused by CO2 concerntration

91
Q

how is oxygen loaded

A

the shape of HB makes it difficult to load the first O2 at low PpO2
the haem group is the O2 binding site
the binding of the first O2changes the quaternary structure so changes the shape making it easier for the others to bind
small increase in PpO2 makes it easier for others to load
after 3rd binds 4th can bind but it is harder to due to probability majority of binding site occupied so less likely o2 will find empty binding site

92
Q

the left shift (HB curve )

A

greater affinity of O2 for HB, loads o2 more readily but unloads o2 less readily
beneficial in lungs

93
Q

the right shift

A

shifts to the right so lower affinity and loads o2 less readily but unloads more easily
beneficial in respiring cells

94
Q

what is the relationship with CO2 concentration and O2

A

HB has reduced affinity for O2 in the presence of CO2 the greater
the conc of CO2 the more readily the HB releases its O2

95
Q

how is CO2 unloaded

A

in respiring cells there is a high PpCO2 making the blood more acidic which lowers PH making the shape of HB change which has a lower affinity of O2 so releases it

96
Q

what is the Bohr effect

A

higher rate of respiration leads to more CO2 produce in the tissues creating a lower PH which changes the shape so O2 is unloaded more readily so more O2 available for respiration

biology (8 decks)

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