Specialised Cells/Tissue

Question 1

Erythrocytes

Answer 1

. Biconcave, flattened disc shapes 
. Inc SA:Vol ratio 
. No nuclei + few organelles 
. Inc SA for Haemoglobin 
. Flexible- Fits through narrow capillaries

Question 2

Neutrophils

Answer 2

. Type of WBC which defends the body against disease
. Have a flexible shape allowing them no engulf foreign particles or pathogens
. Have many lysosomes in the cytoplasm which contain digestive enzyme to break down engulfed particles

Question 3

Squamous

Answer 3

. Single layer of flat cells lining the surface

. Found in the alveoli

Question 4

Ciliated Epithelium cells

Answer 4

. Cover surfaces of organs
. Join by interlinking cell membranes and a membrane at their base
. Have cilia which beat to move particles away
. Squamous epithelia (in lungs) which are v thin to allow effienct diffusipn of gases

Question 5

Sperm (male)

Answer 5

. Have a flagellum (tail) so they can swim to the egg
. Have lots of mitochondria to provide energy to swim
. Acrosome contains digestive enzymes ti enable penetration of surface

Question 6

Palisade

Answer 6

. Found in leaves and do most photosynthetic
. Contain many chloroplasts, so can absorb a lot of sunlight
. Have thin walls so CO2 can easily diffuse into the cell
.

Question 7

Root Hair

Answer 7

. Absorb water and mineral ions for the soil
. Have a large SA for absorption and a thin permeable cell membrane for entry of water ions
. Cytoplasm contains extra mitochondria to provide energy needed for active transport

Question 8

Guard cells

Answer 8

. Found in pairs, with a gap between to form a stoma
. Pores on the surface used for gas exchange
. In light take up water becoming turgid
. Have thinner outer walls but thicker inner cell which force them to bend outwards opening the stomata. Allows leafs to gas exchange for photosynthesis

Question 9

Squamous epithelium tissue

Answer 9

. A single layer of flat cells lining a surface

. Found in places such as the alveoli in the lungs

Question 10

Ciliates Epithelium Tissue

Answer 10

. A layer of cells covered in cilia
. Found in surfaces where thing need to be moved
- eg in the trachea, where cilia wafts mucus along

Question 11

Cartilage

Answer 11

. Type of connective tissue found in joints
. Shapes and supports ears, nose and windpipe
. Formed when cells called chloroplasts secrete extracellular matrix which they become trapped inside

Question 12

Muscle tissue

Answer 12

. Made up of bundles of elongated cells called muscle fibres
. 3 types of tissue smooth (stomach wall), cardiac (heart) and skeletal (movement)
. All slightly different in structure

Question 13

Xylem tissue (vascular tissue )

Answer 13

2 Jobs: . Transport water around plant
. Support plant
. Contains hollow xylem vessel cells, which are dead and loving parenchyma cells

Question 14

Phloem tissue (vascular tissue)

Answer 14

. Transports sugar around the plant
. Arranged in tubes and made up of some cells, companion cells and ordinary plant cells
. Sieve cells have end walls with holes in them so that sap can move easily through them
. End walls called sieve plates