Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

APS1 2015 > Special Senses (Intro and Vision) > Flashcards

Special Senses (Intro and Vision) Flashcards

1
Q

Type of receptors in sight

A

Photoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Type of receptors in hearing

A

Mechanoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Type of receptors in equilibrium

A

Mechanoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Type of receptors in olfaction

A

Chemoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Type of receptors in olfaction

A

Chemoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Is touch a special sense?

A

No - it is a general sense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Location of special senses?

A

Localised to the head - within specialised organs/structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is dominant sense? What percentage?

A

Vision. 70% of all sensory input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is the eye protected

A

Cushion of fat

and Bony orbit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are 5 accessory eye structures?

A 
Eyelids (palpebrae)
Eyebrows
Conjunctiva
Lacrimal apparatus
Extrinsic eye muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the palpebral?

A

Protect the eye anteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the opening which separates the eyelids?

A

Palperbae fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where do the eyelids meet?

A

At canthi:
Medial commissure
Lateral commissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the role of the lacrimal caruncle?

A

Contains sebaceous and sweat glands

Function: secretes oily secretion (for lubrication)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is within the upper eyelid? What is it’s role?

A

Tarsal plates

Tough connective tissue

Function: support the eyelids internally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is responsible for elevating the upper eyelids?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of eyelashes?

A

Protect the eyelid via reflex response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the glands between the eyelashes called, and what do they do?

A

Meibomian (tarsal) glands - produce lipid layer
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands

Function: lubricate the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the importance of lubrication to the eye?

A

Prevents abrasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of the eyebrows?

A

Shade the eye
Prevent perspiration running into eye
Facial expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the orbicularis occuli do to the eyebrows?

A

Depresses the eyebrows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the corrugated muscle do to the eyebrows?

A

Moves eyebrows medially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What muscles degrees the eyebrows, and move the eyebrows medially

A

Orbicularis oculi

Corrugator muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the lacrimal apparatus consist of?

A

Lacrimal glands and ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do lacrimal glands secrete? What do they contain?

A 
Tears
Contains:
-mucus
-antibodies
-lysosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Explain the pathway of tears?

A

Enter the eye via the superolateral excretory ducts (from the lacrimal gland)

Exit the eye via the lacrimal puncture

Drain into the nasolacrimal duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the three types of tears?

A

Basal tears
Tears from irritation
Tears from emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the conjunctiva? Function? Components?

A

Delicate transparent membrane

Function: lubricates and protects eye

Bulbar conjunctiva - covers white of eye

Palpebral conjunctiva - lines eyelid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Discuss the vascularity and nerves of the conjunctiva

A

Highly vascular - only see blood vessels when inflamed

Lots of nerve endings - pain receptors (protect eye)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What holds contact lenses in place?

A

The conjunctival sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

Inflammation of the conjunctiva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does the lateral rectus do? Nerve?

A 
Moves eye laterally
Abducens nerve (VI)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does the medial rectus do? Nerve?

A 
Move eye medially
Oculomotor nerve (III)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does the superior rectus do? Nerve?

A 
Move eye medially and superiorly
Oculomotor nerve (III)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does the inferior rectus do? Nerve?

A 
Move eye medially and inferiorly
Oculomotor nerve (III)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does the inferior oblique do? Nerve?

A 
Move eye laterally and superiorly
Oculomotor nerve (III)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does the superior oblique do? Nerve?

A 
Move eye laterally and inferiorly
Trochlea nerve (IV)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What muscles are used when looking at the left superior field of view?

A

Left eye: inferior oblique

Right eye: superior rectus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the three layers of the eyeball, from inside to outside?

A

Sensory, vascular, fibrous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The lens separates the eyeball into ______ and _______ ______.

A

anterior and posterior segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The _____ separates the eyeball into anterior and posterior segments.

A

lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What makes up the fibrous layer? Clear/transparent/translucent/opaque etc

A

Sclera (posterior = opaque) and cornea (anterior = clear)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the role of the sclera?

A

Protects the eye
Anchors extrinsic eye muscles
Continuous with dura mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the role of the cornea?

A

Major light bending apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the structure of the cornea? Layers, pump, nerves.

A

Epithelium outside
Endothelium inside

Sodium pump –> maintains low water concentration –> no bacteria

Many pain receptors –> pain

46
Q

What makes up the vascular layer?

A

Choroid (posterior) + ciliary body (more anterior) + iris (most anterior)

47
Q

What is a feature of the choroid? What does it do?

A

Many blood vessels - nourish all layers

48
Q

What are the features of the ciliary body?

A

Ciliary muscle and ciliary zonules

49
Q

What changes the lens shape?

A

Ciliary muscles and ciliary zonules

50
Q

What does contraction of ciliary muscle do to the lens?

A 
Zonules become loose.
Lens rounds (close-up)
51
Q

What does relaxation of ciliary muscle do to the lens?

A 
Zonules become tight
Lens widens (distant)
52
Q

What is the coloured part of the eye?

A

Iris

53
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Regulates the amount of light which enters the eye?

54
Q

What is the pupil?

A

Opening in the centre of the iris

55
Q

What happens during pupil constriction?

A

Sphincter pupillae contracts (inner muscle)
Parasympathetic control
In bright light / close vision

56
Q

What happens during pupil dilation?

A

Dilator pupillae
Sympathetic control - fight or flight
In dim light / distant vision

57
Q

What is the sensory layer made up of?

A

Retina

58
Q

What are the layers of the retina? What are their functions?

A

Pigmented epithelial layer (posterior)
Pigmented
Function: absorbs light (prevents scattering, stores Vit A, engulf dead photoreceptors)

Neural layer (anterior)
Clear
Has three layers: - photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells (posterior to anterior)

59
Q

What is the pathway of light in the eye?

A

Anterior to posterior

60
Q

What is the pathway of signals in the eye?

A

Posterior to anterior

61
Q

What is the optic disk?

A

Where the optic nerve leaves the eye - not photoreceptors - blind spot (brain fills it in with light)

62
Q

What is the blood supply for the retina?

A

Outer 1/3 = from choroid

Inner 2/3 = from central artery and vein

63
Q

What does the central artery and vein supply?

A

Inner 2/3 of the retina

64
Q

Are there more rods or cones?

A

More rods.

65
Q

Are rods sensitive or not? Dim or bight light? Peripheral/close up vision? Colour/not

A

Very sensitive
Dim light
Peripheral vision
Not colour.

66
Q

Are cones sensitive or not? Dim or bight light?

A

Not very sensitive
Bright light
Close-up, detailed vision
Allow colour perception

67
Q

Do rods or cones allow colour perception?

A

Cones

68
Q

Can rods summate GP to form an AP? Where do they converge to?

A

Yes - converge to bipolar cell

69
Q

Can cones summate GP to form an AP? Where do they converge to?

A

No

70
Q

What is the fovea centralis? Where is it?

A

Only cones.

Lateral to blind spot

71
Q

What is the macula lute? Where is it?

A 
Mostly cones (some rods)
Surrounds fovea centralis
72
Q

What happens as you move out from the fovea centralism (rods and cones)

A

Less cones, more rods

73
Q

Vitreous humour is/is not replenished.

A

Not replenished. Formed in embryo.

74
Q

Aqueous humour is/is not replenished.

A

Is replenished

75
Q

Function of vitreous humour?

A

Transmits light
Supports posterior surface of lens
Holds neural retina firmly against pigmented layer
Contributes to intraocular pressure
Helps contract pulling force of extrinsic eye muscles

76
Q

The anterior segment of the eye contains _________ humor? Produce where?

A

Aqueous. Produced by ciliary bodies

77
Q

The posterior segment of the eye contains _________ humor? Produced where?

A

Vitreous. Produced in embyro - lasts a lifetime

78
Q

The iris separates the ________ segment of the eye into ________ and _________ _________.

A

anterior, anterior, posterior, chambers

79
Q

The ______ separates the anterior segment of the eye into ________ and _________ _________.

A

iris, anterior, posterior, chambers

80
Q

Function of aqueous humour? Filters from where?

A

Supports, nourishes and removes wastes in the anterior segment of eye

Filters from capillaries of ciliary bodies –> posterior chamber.
Some flows through vitreous humour. Rest flows from posterior chamber to anterior chamber through pupil.
Then drains via scleral venous sinus

81
Q

How does aqueous humour drain?

A

Out of the scleral venous sinus

82
Q

What is glaucoma? How is it fixed?

A

Scleral venous sinus blocked due to increased intraocular pressure.

Requires surgical treatment

83
Q

What does the ciliary body contain?

A

Ciliary processes and ciliary muscles

84
Q

What is the shape of the lens? Opaque, translucent etc? Nutrients from where?

A

Biconvex
Transparent
Avascular - nourishment from aqueous humor

85
Q

Lens fibres contain? Opaque, translucent etc?

A

No nuclei. Few organelles.
Transparent.
Contain crystalline = refracts light

86
Q

Lens epithelium is the _______ surface and is made of ________ cells.

A

anterior, cuboidal

87
Q

What happens to the lens with age?

A

Lens fibres become hardened (sclerosis)

Lose elasticity - cannot as easily change shape and focus on detail (even when lens fibres contract)

88
Q

What light do rods absorb?

A

The whole spectrum (therefore, do not discriminate between colour)

89
Q

What light do cones absorb?

A

Blue cones - blue light
Red cones - red light
Green cones - green light

Therefore - colour perception

90
Q

What is the pathway of light into the eye?

A

Moves through the:

  • cornea
  • aqueous humor
  • through pupil to lens
  • vitreous humor
  • entire thickens of neural retina
  • to reach photoreceptoes
91
Q

Where is light refracted?

A

Three times:

When entering cornea
When entering lens
When leaving lens

92
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Change of lens shape/curvature

93
Q

Change of lens shape/curvature is called __________?

A

Accommodation

94
Q

What happens to the lens for focussing on distant vision? Length? Refractive power / shape of lens? Nervous system? What happens to ciliary muscles

A

6m
Requires little adjustment
Sympathetic - fight or flight
Lower refractive power - flattened lens

Ciliary muscles relaxed - zonules tight - lens is flat

95
Q

What happens to the lens for focussing on close-up vision? Distance? Refractive power / shape of lens? Nervous system? What happens to ciliary muscles

A

Less than 6m
Requires accommodation of the lens
Parasympathetic - rest and digest
Greater refractive power - rounder lens

Ciliary muscles contract - zonules lose - lens is rounder

96
Q

What is emmetropic eye? Corrected by?

A

Normal
More than 6m - light focusses
Less than 6m - lens accommodates

No correction!

97
Q

What is myopic eye? Corrected by?

A

Near sightedness

Eyeball too long for refractive power of lens
- distant objects focussed in front of retina (cannot see distant objects)

Corrected by: concave lenses (diverge light)

98
Q

What is hyperopic eye? Corrected by?

A

Far sightedness

Eyeball too short for refractive power of lens
- distant objects focussed behind retina (can see as ciliary muscles contract to bring focal point forwards)

  • close objects focussed too far behind behind retina (cannot be focussed onto retina - cannot see close-up objects)

Corrected by: convex lenses (converge light)

99
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

As you age, lens becomes less elastic - cannot accommodate (similar to hyperopic eye)

100
Q

Each photopigment contains ______ and _________.

A

Opsin and chromophore

101
Q

What are the photopigments in rods and cones? Wavelengths?

A 
Rods = rhodopsin (absorbs all wavelengths)
Cones = one for each type (absorbs specific wavelengths)
102
Q

What does opsin do? What is it in rods and cones?

A

Filters light reaching chromophore (retinal in rods)

Different in each of 4 photopigments - allows retinal to absorb different wavelengths

103
Q

What does chromophore do? What is it in rods and cones?

A

Light sensitive part of photopigments

Same in all 4 photopigments

Retinal in rods - a vitamin A derivative

104
Q

Why is vitamin A important in the retina? Where is stored in the retina?

A

Stored in the pigmented epithelial layer

Important because retinal (in rods) is a vitamin A derivative

105
Q

How many rods and cones are there?

A

100 million rods

3 million cones

106
Q

Regneration in rods is _________. Takes ______.

A

Slow. 5 minutes

107
Q

Regneration in cones is _________. Takes ______.

A

Fast. 90 seconds

108
Q

True or false? A second messenger system occurs in photoreceptors.

A

True.

109
Q

What does the second messenger system in photoreceptors do?

A

Amplifies responses!

110
Q

The bipolar cell is disinhibited in the dark/light?

A

Light

111
Q

An AP is generated in the dark/light?

A

Light

APS1 2015 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions