Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

APS1 2015 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A molecule secreted in small quantities into the interstitium, which is distributed throughout the entire body by the bloodstream, where it exerts its effects on receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulates autonomic nervous system, emotions, feeding, thirst, body temperature, blood pressure, circadian rhythms, sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

Hypophyseal fossa, of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

Connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Is the posterior pituitary endocrine or nervous tissue?

A

Nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Is the anterior pituitary endocrine or nervous tissue?

A

Endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is the posterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

A

Hypothalmic-hypophyseal tract (neural connection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ADH and oxytocin are known as ____________.

A

Neurohormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do oxytocin and ADH get to the __________ pituitary?

A

Posterior. Transported along axons of the hypothalmic-hypophyseal tract, to axon terminals, and they are stored here.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In broad terms, what does ADH do?

A

Influences water balance, blood pressure and osmolarity of fluids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In broad terms, what does oxytocin do?

A

Stimulates smooth muscle contraction in breasts and uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is there direct neural contact between the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Is there direct neural contact between the posterior pituitary and hypothalamus?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

A

Hyophyseal portal system

  • primary capillary plexus (in hypothalamus)
  • hypophyseal portal veins (in infundibulum)
  • secondary capillary plexus (in anterior pituitary)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the hyophyseal portal system consist of? What is it’s role?

A

Primary capillary plexus (in hypothalamus)
Hypophyseal portal veins (in infundibulum)
Secondary capillary plexus (in anterior pituitary)

Vascular connection between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

A 
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
PRL
GH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are oxytocin and ADH released?

A

They are previously synthesised in hypothalamus –> move down the hypothalmic-hypopheseal tract and stored in posterior pituitary.

Stimuli for oxytocin and ADH detected by hypothalamus

AP sent down axons

Hormones released from posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ADH release is stimulated by? What will this do? What detects it?

A

Decreased plasma volume
Increased osmolarity

Results in increased reabsorption of water

Detected by hypothalamic osmoreceptors, and hypothalamus receives info from baroreceptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What stimulus inhibits ADH release? What will this result in.

A

Decreased plasma osmolarity
Increased volume

Less water reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does ADH act on? To do what? How?

A

Kidneys. To increase water reabsorption. Which reduces volume of urine. Increased plasma volume (and blood pressure). Decreases osmolarity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Alcohol and caffeine have _________ effects. i.e., they ___________ ADH release?

A

Diuretic effects

Inhibit ADH release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How can high salt intake result in high blood pressure?

A

Salt moves into blood, water follows via osmosis.

Increased volume of water = increase blood volume = increased blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Oxytocin is secreted in response to what?

A

Stretching of the cervix during labour.

Baby suckling breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the effects of oxytocin?

A

Uterine contractions during childbirth
Milk ejection (letdown reflex)
Role in bonding between partners, parental bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How are hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypothalamic inhibiting and releasing hormones released into primary capillary plexus.

Move via portal veins to posterior pituitary

Where they stimulate or inhibit release of pituitary hormones not the secondary capillary plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a tropic hormone? Examples

A

Stimulates the release of glandular hormones “downstream”. TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is a non tropic hormone?

A

Can directly effect non-endocrine target tissues

Prolactin, GH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the effects of growth hormone? (Types of effects?)

A

Direct (non-tropic) effects

  • lipid and carbohydrate metabolism
  • promotes lipolysis
  • inhibits glucose uptake

Indirect (tropic) effects
-stimulates liver to produce insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), which act on target tissues (skeletal muscle, bone, cartilage) - IGFs do the work!

30
Q

How is GH release regulated?

A

GHRH (from hypothalamus) - increases release of GH
GHIH (from hypothalamus) - decrease release of GH

IGF levels can inhibit or stimulate GHRH or GHIH from hypothalamus, or can inhibit or stimulate GH release from ant. pituitary.

31
Q

What results from excess GH?

A

Before puberty = gigantism (uncontrolled growth)
After puberty = acromegaly (from taking GH or tumours)
- thickening of bones (no increase in stature)

32
Q

What results from a defeciency of GH?

A

Pituitary dwarfism

33
Q

What stimulates release of prolactin? From where? How?

A

Suckling.

Released from anterior pituitary.

By inhibiting release of prolactin inhibiting hormone from hypothalamus.

34
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

Thyroid

35
Q

What are the roles of thyroid hormone?

A

Increases metabolic rate (increase heat production)

Regulates tissue growth and development

Permissive for growth hormone

Works synergistically with reproductive hormones, prolactin.

36
Q

What are T3 and T4? Which is more active?

A 
T3 = more active
T4 = thyroxine
37
Q

How does T3 act on cells?

A

Lipid soluble.
Binds to receptors in nucleus
Influences transcription of target genes
Makes proteins

38
Q

What is a deficiency of thyroid hormone called?

A

Hypothyroidism
Adults = myxoedema
Children = cretenism

39
Q

What is a cause of hypothyroidism?

A

Iodine deficiency
OR
Damage to thyroid gland (autoimmune disease)

40
Q

What is an excess of thyroid hormone called?

A

Thyrotoxicosis

41
Q

What is a cause of thyrotoxicosis?

A

Grave’s disease

42
Q

How can cretinism be treated?

A

Hormone replacement therapy

43
Q

How can thyrotoxicosis be treated?

A

Medication
Removal of thyroid
Use of radioactive iodine

44
Q

What does a goitre result from?

A

Hyper or hypo-thyrodism

45
Q

What is the range for blood glucose?

A

90mg/100mL

46
Q

What is the range for blood calcium?

A

9-11mg/100mL

47
Q

What controls the actions of the parathyroid?

A

It is NOT under the control of the pituitary or hypothalamus

48
Q

What are the two functional regions of the adrenal gland?

A 
Adrenal medulla (middle)
Adrenal cortex (outter)
49
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland is derived from neural tissue? What does it release?

A

Adrenal medulla

Secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline

50
Q

The adrenal _________ synthesises lipid soluble hormones. How do they act?

A

Adrenal cortex.

Act by diffusing into cells and influencing transcription of genes.

51
Q

What are the categories of hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla? Specifically?

A

Catecholamines - adrenaline and noradrenaline

52
Q

What are the categories of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex? Specifically?

A

Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone
Glucocorticoids - cortisol
Gonadocorticoids - androgens

53
Q

Generally, what is the role of mineralocorticoids?

A

Maintains Na+ balance

Stimulates K+ excretion

54
Q

What inhibits mineralocorticoid production? Released from where? How?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). Release from heart. Inhibits renin secretion from kidneys.

55
Q

What are the effects of excess aldosterone? What is this called?

A

Hyperaldosteronism.
Increased sodium retention - water follows
- hypertension and oedema
Increased potassium excretion
- decreased muscle and nerve responsiveness

56
Q

Cortisol is released in response to ____________?

A

Circadian rhythm, hypoglycaemia, physical and emotional stress

57
Q

What are the effects of cortisol (4)?

A

Suppresses immune system
Increases gluconeogenesis in liver
Increases protein–> amino acids in muscle
Increases lipolysis in adipose tissue

58
Q

What are the causes of Cushing’s syndrome? Due to (3)?

A

Excess cortisol, due to:

  • excess therapeutic corticosteroids
  • ACTH tumor
  • Adrenal cortical tumor
59
Q

What are 3 systems of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Persistent hyperglycaemia
Buffalo hump
Suppressed immune system

60
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Hypo secretion of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

61
Q

What are the catecholamines?

A

Noradrenaline and adrenaline

62
Q

What are the effects of noradrenaline?

A

Increases peripheral vasoconstriction

63
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline?

A

Increases blood flow to the heart and muscle
Bronchodilation
Increased metabolic activity

64
Q

What is phaeochromocytoma? What does it do? Symptoms

A

Tumour of catecholamine producing cells - results in uncontrolled catecholamine release.

Symptoms:
Hyperglycaemia
Hypertension
Increased metabolic rate

65
Q

Which adrenal hormones are involved in short and long term stress? Medulla or cortex?

A

Long term: cortisol - cortex.

Short term: adrenaline and noradrenaline - medulla.

66
Q

What are the cells found in the pancreas? Endocrine or exocrine?

A

Pancreas islets (endocrine)
-alpha cells
-beta cells
Acinar cells (exocrine)

67
Q

What are two hormones secreted by the kidney?

A

Renin

EPO (erythropoietin)

68
Q

What hormone secreted by adipose tissue?

A

Leptin

69
Q

Absorptive state = fed state/fasting state = catabolic/anabolic

A

Absorptive state = fed state = anabolic

70
Q

Post-absorptive state = fed state/fasting state = catabolic/anabolic

A

Post-absorptive state = fasting state = catabolic

APS1 2015 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions