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APS1 2015 > Special Senses (Hearing, Gustation, Olfaction) > Flashcards

Special Senses (Hearing, Gustation, Olfaction) Flashcards

1
Q

Which parts of the ear are involve in hearing? (Broadly)

A

Inner, middle and outer

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2
Q

Which parts of the ear are involved in equilibrium? (Broadly)

A

Inner

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3
Q

What is the auricle/pinna made of? Function?

A

Made of elastic cartilage, covered in thin skin

Function: capture and direct sound waves to external acoustic meatus

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4
Q

Where does the external auditory meatus run from? Lined with?

A

Pinna to tympanic membrane.

Lined with ceruminous glands (secrete wax)

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5
Q

What is the role of ear wax?

A

Catches foreign bodies

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6
Q

What is the tympanic membrane? Function?

A

Thin, CT membrane

Function: vibrates in response to sound waves

Transferes and amplifies sound waves to ossicles (in middle ear)

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7
Q

What does the outer ear consist of?

A

Pinna (auricle) + external acoustic meatus + tympanic membrane

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8
Q

How does the tympanic membrane amplify sound waves?

A

The oval window is 20x smaller.

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9
Q

When would the eardrum perforate?

A

Very large sound - vibrate violently.

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10
Q

Air or fluid? Inner, middle, outer ear

A

Inner = fluid

Outer and middle = air

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11
Q

Names of the ossicles (in order from tympanic membrane to oval window)

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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12
Q

What is between the ossicles? What happens with age?

A

Synovial joints

With ages - osteosclerosis - joints becomes stiff - cannot hear as well

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13
Q

Which is inferior and superior? Oval and round window?

A 
Superior = oval window
Inferior = round window
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14
Q

The _________ muscle inserts on the malleus.

A

Tensor tympani

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15
Q

The _________ muscle inserts on the stapes.

A

Stapedius

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16
Q

What is the role of the Tensor tympani and Stapedius?

A

Reflexively contract in response to loud sounds (present ossicles vibrating dangerously and perforating tympanic membrane / oval window.

But - there is a lag phase

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17
Q

What is the epitympanic recess?

A

Roof of the middle ear?

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18
Q

What is the roof of the middle ear called?

A

Epitympanic recess

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19
Q

What is the role of the pharyngotmpanic tube?

A

Usually collapsed

Maintains equal air pressure on either side of tympanic membrane (for proper vibrations)

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20
Q

Where are ___________ for hearing found? Outer, middle, inner ear?

A

Mechanoreceptors. Inner ear

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21
Q

Inner ear = _______ + _________

A

Bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth

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22
Q

Bony labyrinth has ________ regions? What are they?

A

Three regions

Vestibule
Cochlea
Semicircular canals

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23
Q

The ________ labyrinth is filled with perilymph.

A

Bony labyrinth

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24
Q

The ________ labyrinth is filled with endolymph.

A

Membranous labyrinth

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25
Q

The ________ labyrinth is suspended in perilymph.

A

Membranous labyrinth

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26
Q

Endolymph / perilymph is continuous with the CSF.

A

Perilymph

27
Q

Endolymph is a _______ rich fluid

A

Potassium

28
Q

The vestibule consists of the _______. Thee contain the hearing/equilibrium receptor regions called ________.

A

Utricle - extends into the semicircular canals
Scaule - extends into the cochlea

Equilibrium.

Maculae

29
Q

There are _______ semicircular canals. At the end, there is a swollen region called the _______, which houses thehearing/equilibrium receptor regions called ________.

A

Three - in the three planes.

Ampulla, equilibrium, crista ampullaris

30
Q

What are the three chambers of the cochlea? What do they contain? Continuous with/is the?

A

Scala vestibule - contains perilymph - continuous with vestibule

Scala media - contains endolymph - this is the cochlea duct

Scala tympani - contains perilymph - continuous with vestibule

31
Q

The __________ sits on the basilar membrane.

A

Organ of corti

32
Q

The frequency of sound waves is perceived as________?

A

Pitch

33
Q

The amplitude of sound waves is perceived as________?

A

Loudness

34
Q

The organ of corti sits on the ____________.

A

Basilar membrane

35
Q

What is conduction deafness?

A

When something hampers sound conduction to the fluids of the middle ear.

36
Q

What is sensorineural deafness?

A

From damage to neural structures at any point from cochlear hair cells to auditory cortical cells

37
Q

What does equilibrium depend upon? (3)

A

Input form inner ear (vestibular apparatus)

Vision

Proprioreceptors in muscles and tendons

38
Q

The vestibular apparatus = _______________

A

Semicircular canals + vestibule

39
Q

Vestibular receptors.

Which type of equilibrium? Situated where? Respond to?

A

Static equilibrium.
Situated in maculae
Respond to linear acceleration

Utricle = orientated in vertical plane
Respond to horizontal movement

Saccule = orientated in horizontal plane
Respond to vertical movement

40
Q

Vestibular receptors synapse with which nerve?

A

Vestibular nerve

41
Q

The utricle is part of the semicircular canals/vestibule? In which plane, and what movement?

A

Vestibule
Vertical plane
Horizontal movement

42
Q

The saccule is part of the semicircular canals/vestibule? In which plane, and what movement?

A

Vestibule
Horizontal plane
Vertical movement

43
Q

The vestibule respond to what type of equilibrium?

A

Static equilibrium

44
Q

The semicircular canals respond to what type of equilibrium?

A

Dynamic equilibrium (angular / rotational motion).

45
Q

Where are the crista ampullaris located? Respond to what type of movement?

A

Semicircular canals - Dynamic equilibrium (angular / rotational motion).

46
Q

How does the vestibular receptors/semicircular canal receptors respond to dynamic equilibrium?

A

Hair cells which ported into the otolithic membrane

47
Q

How does the vestibular receptors/semicircular canal receptors respond to static equilibrium?

A

Endolymph flows over the hair cells of the cupula (region of crista ampullaris)

48
Q

The _______ membrane is studded with _______ (small CaCO3 stones)

A

Otolithic, otoliths

49
Q

What is the otolithic membrane?

A

Jelly mass studded with otoliths (small CaCO3 stones)

50
Q

How many tastebuds do we have? Location?

A

10,000 - within papillae
Most on tongue
Some on soft palate, inner cheek surface, pharynx, epiglottis

51
Q

Types of tastebuds?

A

Foliate
Fungiform
Circumvallate

52
Q

_________ tastes involve direct binding to receptors, opening cation channels.

A

Salty (Na+ influx) and sour (H+ influx)

53
Q

_________ tastes involve a G-protein second messenger system.

A

Bitter, sweet, umami

54
Q

Which nerves are involved in gustation? From where?

A 
Facial nerve (VII) - anterior 2/3 of tongue
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) - posterior 1/3 tongue, pharynx
Vagus nerve (X) - epiglottis, lower pharynx
55
Q

Where do the nerves involved in gustation go?

A

Solitary nucleus of medulla
Thalamus
Gustatory cortex (insula)
Hypothalamus, limbic system

56
Q

What percentage of taste is smell?

A

80% of taste is smell

57
Q

What receptors are found within the mouth?

A

Chemoreceptors - taste
Thermoreceptors - hot or cold
Mechanoreceptors - texture
Nocireceptors - pain

58
Q

Where are olfactory receptors found?

A

In the olfactory epithelium - mucus secreting membrane?

59
Q

What is the olfactory epithelium?

A

Mucus secreting membrane

60
Q

True or false - the olfactory receptors are CN I?

A

True - olfactory receptors are the olfactory nerve

61
Q

What are the only nerve cells which can regenerate?

A

Olfactory nerve (which is actually the olfactory receptor)

62
Q

To smell a substance it must be…

A

Volatile (diffuse into the air)
Dissolve in the layer of mucus coating the olfactory epithelium
Bind to receptors on the olfactory cilia

63
Q

Binding of substances in the olfactory cilia uses a _________.

A

2nd messenger, G-protein system

APS1 2015 (9 decks)

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