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APS1 2015 > Brain (General) > Flashcards

Brain (General) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main regions of the brain?

A

Cortex
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum

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2
Q

What is a ventricle? How many in the brain? What are their names?

A 
Ventricle = hollow cavity
4 in the brain
2x Lateral ventricles
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle
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3
Q

What connects the third and fourth ventricle?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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4
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

In ventricles by choroid plexus

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5
Q

What is the purpose of convolutions in the _________?

A

Purpose: triples surface area

in the cerebral cortex

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6
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex?

A

Responsible for conscious mind.

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7
Q

What are the three functional areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

Motor areas
Sensory areas
Association areas

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8
Q

The _______ lobe controls ________ movement.

A

Frontal, voluntary

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9
Q

What is the functional area of the pre-central gyrus called, and the function? Where do neurons go?

A

Primary Motor Cortex
Function: Conveys information for movement from the brain - via pyramidal tracts to the spinal cord (corticospinal tract)

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10
Q

Where are the cell bodies of corticospinal tracts found?

A

Pre-central gyrus = primary motor cortex

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11
Q

What is the functional area, anterior to the pre-central gyrus, and the function? Where do neurons go?

A

Premotor cortex
Function: controls planned/learned motor tasks before enacting it
Neurons project to primary motor cortex

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12
Q

Where is Broca’s area, what is the function? What happens when it is damaged? Where do neurons go?

A

Anterior and inferior to premotor cortex
Function: controls movement and planning of mouth and tongue (speech)
Neurons project to motor cortex
Damaged: (e.g., stroke) - can think about words, but cannot say it as they want

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13
Q

Where is the anterior eye field, what is the function? What happens when it is damaged?

A

Anterior and superior to premotor cortex
Function: controls voluntary eye movement (tracking)
Damaged: cannot follow things with eyes

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14
Q

Which lobe/s are involved in conscious sensory information?

A

Parietal, occipital, temporal, insula

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15
Q

What is the functional area of the post-central gyrus called, and the function?

A

Primary sematosensory cortex

Function: conveys information from skin and proprioceptors

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16
Q

What is the functional area of the region posterior to the post-central gyrus called, and the function? Damage?

A

Somatosensory association cortex
Function: recall cutaneous sensation - uses memory to understand sensation
Damage = cannot recognise something by touch (without looking at it)

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17
Q

Where are the visual association areas? Names? Function? Damage?

A

Primary visual (striate) cortex
Location: Very back of each hemisphere
Function: receives visual information from retina of eye
Damage: can become blinded

Visual association areas
Location: Anterior to primary visual (striate) cortex
Function: recognises and stores information about sight (have I seen that before?)
Damage: unable to recognise objects/people

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18
Q

Where are the auditory association areas? Names? Function?

A

Primary auditory cortex
Location: Superior border of temporal lobe
Function: Impulses transmitted to here and interpreted as pitch and loudness

Auditory association area
Location: Posterior to primary auditory cortex
Function: Perception of sound stimulus (memory of sound) Have I heard that sound before?

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19
Q

Where are the smell association areas? Names? Function?

A

Olfactory cortex
Location: Medial aspect of temporal lobe (inside)
Function: Conscious awareness of smells

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20
Q

Where are the taste association areas? Names? Function?

A

Gustatory cortex
Location: on insula
Function: sensation of taste

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21
Q

What is the functional area of the anterior frontal lobe?

A

Prefrontal cortex (integrating all information together)

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22
Q

What is the function of the limbic association area?

A

Invokes a range of emotions

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23
Q

Discuss the dominant functions concerned with each side of the brain

A

Left side = language/maths/logic

Right side = visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, music

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24
Q

Where is Broca’s areas located (hemisphere)? Which hemisphere is dominant?

A

Right handed person = left side = left side dominant

Left handed person = right side = right side dominant

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25
Q

What is the role of cerebral white matter?

A

Communication between hemispheres and lower CNS centres

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26
Q

What are the three types of white matter fibres?

A

Commissural = transversely across hemisphere (corresponding grey matter of different hemispheres)

Association = backwards and forwards (grey matter of same hemisphere)

Projection = vertically (sensory: lower brain to cortex, motor: cortex to lower brain)

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27
Q

The corpus callosum is an example of which type of white matter fibre? Where does it run?

A

Commissural fibres = transversely across hemisphere (corresponding grey matter of different hemispheres)

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28
Q

What are the basal nuclei?

A

Caudate nucleus

Lentiform nucleus = putamen (lateral) + globus pallidus (medial)

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29
Q

What is the function of the basal nuclei?

A

Starting and stopping movement

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30
Q

If the basal nuclei are damaged, what happens?

A

Cannot coordinate, start or stop movement due to too much or too little basal nuclei output (Parkington’s and Huntington’s disease)

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31
Q

What are the components of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus

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32
Q

What is the function of the diencephalon?

A

Responsible for the subconscious mind.

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33
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Mediates sensation, motor activity, learning and memory

filing/relay station for sensory information

34
Q

Where does sensory information go?

A

Receptor –> sensory neuron –> thalamus –> primary sematosensory cortex –> somatosensory cortex/visual cortex/auditory cortex ect –> premotor cortex –> motor cortex –> cortiocospinal pyramidal tracts –> motor neuron –> effectors

35
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

Connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland

36
Q

What happens if the thalamus is damaged?

A

Capacity to sense is impaired

37
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

Anterior and inferior to the thalamus

38
Q

What are the nuclei within the hypothalamus?

A

Supraoptic nucleus

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

39
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Where the nervous system connects with the endocrine system.

Controls body homeostasis (blood pressure, heart rate, sleep-wake, food intake, body temperature)

40
Q

How would a hypothalamic tutor affect core body temperature?

A

Would have trouble maintaining body temperature.

41
Q

Where is the epithalamus?

A

Posterior to thalamus

42
Q

What is the role of the epithalamus?

A

Contains the pineal gland which secretes melatonin (sleep-wake cycle)

43
Q

Where is the brains stem?

A

Inferior to diencephalon

44
Q

What are the three parts of the brain stem?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongatta

45
Q

What is the function of the brain stem?

A

Essential for survival - connects brain with spinal cord - provides pathway to send signals

46
Q

What do midbrain peduncles do?

A

Attach diencephalon to pons and midbrain to cerebellum

47
Q

What is/are the midbrain nucleus/nuclei, and it’s/their functions?

A

Corpora quadrigemina - auditory relay area (‘startle’ reflex)

Substantia nigra (dark) - contains melanin and dopamine - role in movement

48
Q

What are the conduction tracts in the pons?

A

Transverse = superifical
Connects brain stem to cerebellum

Longitudinal = deep
Connects brain to spinal cord

49
Q

What is/are the pons nucleus/nuclei, and it’s/their functions?

A

Pontine nuclei

Relay information between motor cortex and cerebellum

50
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

Governs innate responses (with hypothalamus) - breathing, heart rate, maintains homeostasis

51
Q

What structures govern innate responses?

A

Hypothalamus and medulla oblongatta

52
Q

Where are the inferior cerebellar peduncles? Function?

A

Medulla oblongatta. Communicate with cerebellum

53
Q

Where is the corpora quadrigemina? Function?

A

Midbrain. Auditory relay area - ‘startle’ relfex

54
Q

Where is the substantial nigra? Function?

A

Midbrain. Role in movement.

55
Q

What is/are the medulla oblongata nucleus/nuclei, and it’s/their functions?

A

Inferior olivary nucleus
Relay muscle stretch information

Vestibular and cochlear nuclei
Relay sensory information about balance and equilibrium

56
Q

What part of the brain remains active once ‘knocked out’?

A

Medulla oblongata

57
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

Dorsal to brain stem

58
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Helps coordinate movement

59
Q

Is the cerebellum conscious or unconscious?

A

Conscious

60
Q

What connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

Vermis

61
Q

What is the vermis?

A

Connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

62
Q

How many lobes are in the cerebellum?

A

Three - anterior, posterior (and one more)

63
Q

What is the grey matter in the cerebellum called?

A

Outer cortex

64
Q

What is the white matter in the cerebellum called?

A

Arbor vitae

65
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

Recognises fearful expressions

66
Q

What is the pathway of information when seeing a fearful expression?

A

Striate region of occipital lobe –> association area –> spread to brain (some goes to amygdala and recognised as fearful)

67
Q

What is the limbic system made up of?

A

Amygdala and cingulate gyrus

68
Q

What is the function of the cingulate gyrus?

A

Expression of emotions in gestures (fear and emotions can override logic)

69
Q

What is the role of the meninges?

A

Cover and protect CNS
Protect blood vessels
Contains CSF
Form partitions within the skull

70
Q

What is the outermost meningeal layer? (layers within it)

A

Dura mater = periosteal layer (outer) + meningeal layer (inner)

71
Q

What is the second most superficial meningeal layer?

A

Arachnoid mater

72
Q

Are blood vessels above or beneath the arachnoid mater?

A

Beneath

73
Q

Is CSF above or beneath the arachnoid mater?

A

Beneath

74
Q

What is the pia mater? What is it made of? Role?

A

Delicate connective tissue. Barrier for neutrons so they do not grow out. Found on surface of brain

75
Q

What is CSF?

A

Purified version of plasma

76
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A

Reduces brain weight by 97% which prevents damage (stops all neutrons being activated)

Nourishes brain with nutrients

77
Q

How often is what volume of CSF replenished?

A

150 mL every 8 hours

78
Q

Where does CSF circulate? What moves it?

A

Ependymal cells (neuralgia cells) have cilia which circulate CSF.

Third ventricle –> cerebral aqueduct –> fourth ventricle –> around cerebellum –> under arachnoid mater –> though arachnoid villus –> under periosteal dura mater –> third ventricle

79
Q

What is the BBB? Where does it exist? What does it do?

A

Blood brain barrier

Exists where there is no choroid plexus.

Regulates what goes from the blood into the brain

80
Q

What does the BBB select and not select?

A

Facilitated diffusion of glucose, amino acids, electrolytes

Passive diffusion of lipid soluble substances (O2, CO2, fat soluble drugs - caffeine, alcohol)

Excludes - waste metabolites, proteins, toxins, drugs

81
Q

What are the three layers of the BBB?

A

Capillary endothelium
Connective tissue
Bulbous feet of astrocytes - wrap around capillaries - specific about what they let through

82
Q

When designing a drug to affect the brain, what property must be met? Why?

A

Lipid soluble - to get through BBB.

APS1 2015 (9 decks)

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