Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

APS1 2015 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

The male reproductive system consists of _____, _____ and ______.

A

Testes, ducts and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name 3 glands in the male repro system.

A

Bulbourethral
Prostate
Seminal vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

In the seminiferous tubules of the testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the pH of semen?

A

7.5 (slightly alkaline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The vas deferens contains _____ of the __________.

A

10%, seminal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The seminal vesicles contains _____ of the seminal fluid. What does it contain? Roles of these?

A

60%
Fructose - energy source
Prostoglandinds - cause smooth muscle contraction in female
Coagulating enzyme - hold sperm near cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The prostate gland provides _____ of the seminal fluid. What does it contain? Roles of these?

A

30%
Fibrinolysin - liquefies coagulated sperm
Citrate
PSA - prostate specific androgen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What gland is at the base of the penis? What is its role?

A

Bulbourethral gland

Secretes lubricating fluid (during arousal) - clears out urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain?

A

Ductus defernes
Nerves
Blood vessels
Muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What (relative) temperature is the scrotum? How is this achieved?

A

3 degrees cooler.

Pampiniform plexus - hot blood flows down through testicular artery, pampinofrm plexus is wrapped around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dartos muscle is smooth/skeletal? How does it act?

A

Smooth muscle. Contracts and reduces SA (and therefore heat lost) by scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cremaster muscle is smooth/skeletal? How does it act?

A

Skeletal muscle. Contracts and moves scrotum closer to pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In the ________ of ________ an embryo will develop to be a male.

A

presence of SRY (sex-determining region o Y-chromosome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In the ________ of ________ an embryo will develop to be a female.

A

absence of SRY (sex-determining region o Y-chromosome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the default gender development?

A

Female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What helps to descend the testes?

A

Gubernaculum (ligament attached to testis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Does the gubernaculum contract

A

No, not until the very end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What surrounds the urethra?

A

Corpus spongiosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the erectile tissue names?

A 
Corpus spongiosum (surrounds urethra)
Corpora cavernosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

Surrounds the testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

The actual surface of the tesets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which is more superficial tunica vaginalis or tunica albuginea?

A

tunica vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mitosis is ____________.

A

Cell replication and divison

2n–> 2n (diploid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Meiosis is ______________.

A

Reduction-divsion process

2n –> n (haploid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What occurs in prophase, metaphase and anapahse?

A

Prophase - replication
Metaphase - line up
Anaphase - separate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the blood testes barrier

A

Tight junction between sustentacular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Meiosis I of spermatogenic produces what?

A

2 secondary spermatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Meiosis II of spermatogenic produces what?

A

4 early spermatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does LH act on in males? To do what?

A

interstitial cells of leydid. Increase testosterone production (which is required for spermatogenesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does FSH act on in males? To do what?

A

Stimulates sustentacular cells to produce ABP (androgen binding protein - concentrates testosterone in testes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the HPG axis?

A

Hypothalmic-pituitary-gonadal axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

When does the hypothalamus start releasing GnRH?

A

Puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does the hypothalamus begin releasing at puberty? What does it do?

A

GnRH - gonadotropi releasing hormone

Stimulates anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Is GnRH released in males or females?

A

Both!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the two types of effects of testosterone?

A

Androgenic

Anabolic

36
Q

What are the anabolic effects of testosterone?

A

Protein synthesis = muscle and bone growth

37
Q

What are the androgenic effects of testosterone? (4)

A

Development of repro tract
Drives spermatogenesis
Secondary gender characteristics
CNS (libido and agression)

38
Q

What are the 4 stages of the male sexual response?

A

Erection (parasympathetic)
-secretes ACh –> releases NO (relaxes arteries) - erectile tissue engorges with blood, compress vein

Emmission / Ejaculation

  • rapid shift to sympathetic
  • Contraction of ductus deferent
  • Prostate and seminal vesicles release fluid
  • sphincter at bladder closes

Semen is ejaculated to exterior (orgasm)

Resolution
-temporary refractory period

39
Q

What are the three uterine layers?

A

Perimetrium - outer
Myometrium - middle (smooth muscle)
Endometrium - inner

40
Q

Which of the following contains hair? Labia minor or labia major

A

Labia major contains hair

41
Q

What is homologous to the scrotum?

A

Labia major

42
Q

What is homologous to the penis?

A

Clitoris

43
Q

What does the greater vestibular gland secrete?

A

Lubricating fluid.

44
Q

What does the broad ligament connect?

A

Drapes over uterine tube and ovary

45
Q

What does the suspensory ligament connect?

A

Ovary to pelvic wall

46
Q

What does the ovarian ligament connect?

A

Ovary to uterus

47
Q

How many _______ are females born with? How many left at puberty?

A

2 million, primordial follicles. 400,000 left

48
Q

What are the phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular Phase

Luteal Phase

49
Q

What does FSH target in females?

A

Follicular cells

50
Q

What does LH target in females?

A

Thecal cells

51
Q

What is the functional layer of the uterus?

A

Endometrium

52
Q

What are the layers of the endometrium? Which is shed?

A

Stratum functionalism - shed each month

Stratum basalis

53
Q

What are the phases of the uterine cycle?

A

Menstrual phase (5 days)
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase

54
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

Progesterone and oestrogen

55
Q

Is there fibrinolysis within menstrual flow?

A

Yes - it breaks up any clots which could occur

56
Q

What are the two very broad methods of contracpetion?

A

Prevent ovulation

Prevent union of sperm and ovum

57
Q

What does the oral contraceptive pill contain? What does it do?

A

Oestrogen - maintains low level - inhibits FSH and LH (no ovulation)

Progesterone - prevents development of endometrium, thickens cervical mucus, disrupts tube peristalsis

58
Q

What are the glands in the breast called?

A

Mammary glands. Glandular tissue = lobule

59
Q

What connects the lobule (glands) to the nipple?

A

Lactiferous duct

60
Q

How long do sperm survive?

A

48 hours

61
Q

The ovum must be fertilised within how long?

A

24 hours

62
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

Uterine Tube

63
Q

How long does capacitation take?

A

8-10 hours

64
Q

What does the ovum secrete to sperm?

A

Allurin - a chemoattractant

65
Q

The cortical reaction releases _______, which _______.

A

ZIPs (zonal inhibitory proteins), which destroy other receptors

66
Q

When does an oocyte undergo meiosis I?

A

Prior to ovulation

67
Q

When does an oocyte undergo meiosis II?

A

After fertilisation

68
Q

Fertilisation forms a ________.

A

Diploid zygote

69
Q 
Zygote = 0 days
\_\_\_\_\_\_ = \_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_ = \_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_ = \_\_\_\_\_\_
A

4 cell stage = 2 days
Morula (16+ cells) = 3 days
Early blastocyst = 4 days

70
Q

What implants into the uterus?

A

Blastocyst

71
Q

What are the three parts of the blastocyst?

A

Inner cell mass
Trophoblastic cells
Blastocyst cavity

72
Q

The inner cell mass will become the _______

A

embryo

73
Q

The trophoblast cells will become the _______

A

embryonic portion of the placenta

74
Q

What hormone is produced by the blastocyst? By which cells?

A

hCG

trophoblastic cells

75
Q

What does hCG do?

A

Maintains corpus letum - stops degeneration (continues pumping out oestrogen and progesterone)

76
Q

What is the basis of a home pregnancy test?

A

Strips with antibodies for hCG.

77
Q

Why is a miscarriage common around week 8-10 of pregnancy?

A

CL degenerates - if placenta is not ready, can miscarriages due to falling oestrogen and progesterone

78
Q

When implanting, the trophoblastic cells form the ________.

A

Chorion = synctiotrophoblast (no borders) and cyttrophoblast (borders) = embryonic part of placenta

79
Q

What is the embryonic part of the placenta? Maternal?

A 
Embryonic = chorion
Maternal = decidua basalis
80
Q

The inner cell mass forms what?

A

bilayered embryonic disc –> three layered embryo

81
Q

What are the three germ layers? Tissues?

A

Ectoderm - nervous tissue
Mesoderm - CT, muscle tissue
Endoderm - epithelial tissue

82
Q

What are the three stages of labor?

A

1 - dilation and engagement of cervix
2 - expulsion to delivery of child
3 - placental stage (30 minutes after birth)

83
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Causes myometrium in uterine wall to contract

Causes placenta to release prostaglandins –> stimulate more vigorous contractions (positive feedback)

84
Q

What are three differences between newborn and foetal anatomy?

A

Ductus arteriosus = bypasses lungs
Foramen ovale = bypasses lungs

Ductus venosus = bypasses liver

85
Q

What is the first breast milk called? Importance?

A

Colostrum (less fat - prepares gut)

APS1 2015 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions