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APS1 2015 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

The male reproductive system consists of _____, _____ and ______.

A

Testes, ducts and glands

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2
Q

Name 3 glands in the male repro system.

A

Bulbourethral
Prostate
Seminal vesicles

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3
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

In the seminiferous tubules of the testes

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4
Q

What is the pH of semen?

A

7.5 (slightly alkaline)

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5
Q

The vas deferens contains _____ of the __________.

A

10%, seminal fluid

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6
Q

The seminal vesicles contains _____ of the seminal fluid. What does it contain? Roles of these?

A

60%
Fructose - energy source
Prostoglandinds - cause smooth muscle contraction in female
Coagulating enzyme - hold sperm near cervix

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7
Q

The prostate gland provides _____ of the seminal fluid. What does it contain? Roles of these?

A

30%
Fibrinolysin - liquefies coagulated sperm
Citrate
PSA - prostate specific androgen

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8
Q

What gland is at the base of the penis? What is its role?

A

Bulbourethral gland

Secretes lubricating fluid (during arousal) - clears out urine

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9
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain?

A

Ductus defernes
Nerves
Blood vessels
Muscle

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10
Q

What (relative) temperature is the scrotum? How is this achieved?

A

3 degrees cooler.

Pampiniform plexus - hot blood flows down through testicular artery, pampinofrm plexus is wrapped around

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11
Q

Dartos muscle is smooth/skeletal? How does it act?

A

Smooth muscle. Contracts and reduces SA (and therefore heat lost) by scrotum

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12
Q

Cremaster muscle is smooth/skeletal? How does it act?

A

Skeletal muscle. Contracts and moves scrotum closer to pelvis

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13
Q

In the ________ of ________ an embryo will develop to be a male.

A

presence of SRY (sex-determining region o Y-chromosome)

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14
Q

In the ________ of ________ an embryo will develop to be a female.

A

absence of SRY (sex-determining region o Y-chromosome)

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15
Q

What is the default gender development?

A

Female

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16
Q

What helps to descend the testes?

A

Gubernaculum (ligament attached to testis)

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17
Q

Does the gubernaculum contract

A

No, not until the very end

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18
Q

What surrounds the urethra?

A

Corpus spongiosum

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19
Q

What are the erectile tissue names?

A 
Corpus spongiosum (surrounds urethra)
Corpora cavernosa
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20
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

Surrounds the testes

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21
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

The actual surface of the tesets

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22
Q

Which is more superficial tunica vaginalis or tunica albuginea?

A

tunica vaginalis

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23
Q

Mitosis is ____________.

A

Cell replication and divison

2nā€“> 2n (diploid)

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24
Q

Meiosis is ______________.

A

Reduction-divsion process

2n ā€“> n (haploid)

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25
What occurs in prophase, metaphase and anapahse?
Prophase - replication Metaphase - line up Anaphase - separate
26
What is the blood testes barrier
Tight junction between sustentacular cells
27
Meiosis I of spermatogenic produces what?
2 secondary spermatocytes
28
Meiosis II of spermatogenic produces what?
4 early spermatids
29
What does LH act on in males? To do what?
interstitial cells of leydid. Increase testosterone production (which is required for spermatogenesis.
30
What does FSH act on in males? To do what?
Stimulates sustentacular cells to produce ABP (androgen binding protein - concentrates testosterone in testes)
31
What is the HPG axis?
Hypothalmic-pituitary-gonadal axis
32
When does the hypothalamus start releasing GnRH?
Puberty
33
What does the hypothalamus begin releasing at puberty? What does it do?
GnRH - gonadotropi releasing hormone | Stimulates anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH
34
Is GnRH released in males or females?
Both!
35
What are the two types of effects of testosterone?
Androgenic | Anabolic
36
What are the anabolic effects of testosterone?
Protein synthesis = muscle and bone growth
37
What are the androgenic effects of testosterone? (4)
Development of repro tract Drives spermatogenesis Secondary gender characteristics CNS (libido and agression)
38
What are the 4 stages of the male sexual response?
Erection (parasympathetic) -secretes ACh --> releases NO (relaxes arteries) - erectile tissue engorges with blood, compress vein Emmission / Ejaculation - rapid shift to sympathetic - Contraction of ductus deferent - Prostate and seminal vesicles release fluid - sphincter at bladder closes Semen is ejaculated to exterior (orgasm) Resolution -temporary refractory period
39
What are the three uterine layers?
Perimetrium - outer Myometrium - middle (smooth muscle) Endometrium - inner
40
Which of the following contains hair? Labia minor or labia major
Labia major contains hair
41
What is homologous to the scrotum?
Labia major
42
What is homologous to the penis?
Clitoris
43
What does the greater vestibular gland secrete?
Lubricating fluid.
44
What does the broad ligament connect?
Drapes over uterine tube and ovary
45
What does the suspensory ligament connect?
Ovary to pelvic wall
46
What does the ovarian ligament connect?
Ovary to uterus
47
How many _______ are females born with? How many left at puberty?
2 million, primordial follicles. 400,000 left
48
What are the phases of the ovarian cycle?
Follicular Phase | Luteal Phase
49
What does FSH target in females?
Follicular cells
50
What does LH target in females?
Thecal cells
51
What is the functional layer of the uterus?
Endometrium
52
What are the layers of the endometrium? Which is shed?
Stratum functionalism - shed each month | Stratum basalis
53
What are the phases of the uterine cycle?
Menstrual phase (5 days) Proliferative phase Secretory phase
54
What does the corpus luteum secrete?
Progesterone and oestrogen
55
Is there fibrinolysis within menstrual flow?
Yes - it breaks up any clots which could occur
56
What are the two very broad methods of contracpetion?
Prevent ovulation Prevent union of sperm and ovum
57
What does the oral contraceptive pill contain? What does it do?
Oestrogen - maintains low level - inhibits FSH and LH (no ovulation) Progesterone - prevents development of endometrium, thickens cervical mucus, disrupts tube peristalsis
58
What are the glands in the breast called?
Mammary glands. Glandular tissue = lobule
59
What connects the lobule (glands) to the nipple?
Lactiferous duct
60
How long do sperm survive?
48 hours
61
The ovum must be fertilised within how long?
24 hours
62
Where does fertilisation occur?
Uterine Tube
63
How long does capacitation take?
8-10 hours
64
What does the ovum secrete to sperm?
Allurin - a chemoattractant
65
The cortical reaction releases _______, which _______.
ZIPs (zonal inhibitory proteins), which destroy other receptors
66
When does an oocyte undergo meiosis I?
Prior to ovulation
67
When does an oocyte undergo meiosis II?
After fertilisation
68
Fertilisation forms a ________.
Diploid zygote
69
``` Zygote = 0 days ______ = ______ ______ = ______ ______ = ______ ```
4 cell stage = 2 days Morula (16+ cells) = 3 days Early blastocyst = 4 days
70
What implants into the uterus?
Blastocyst
71
What are the three parts of the blastocyst?
Inner cell mass Trophoblastic cells Blastocyst cavity
72
The inner cell mass will become the _______
embryo
73
The trophoblast cells will become the _______
embryonic portion of the placenta
74
What hormone is produced by the blastocyst? By which cells?
hCG | trophoblastic cells
75
What does hCG do?
Maintains corpus letum - stops degeneration (continues pumping out oestrogen and progesterone)
76
What is the basis of a home pregnancy test?
Strips with antibodies for hCG.
77
Why is a miscarriage common around week 8-10 of pregnancy?
CL degenerates - if placenta is not ready, can miscarriages due to falling oestrogen and progesterone
78
When implanting, the trophoblastic cells form the ________.
Chorion = synctiotrophoblast (no borders) and cyttrophoblast (borders) = embryonic part of placenta
79
What is the embryonic part of the placenta? Maternal?
``` Embryonic = chorion Maternal = decidua basalis ```
80
The inner cell mass forms what?
bilayered embryonic disc --> three layered embryo
81
What are the three germ layers? Tissues?
Ectoderm - nervous tissue Mesoderm - CT, muscle tissue Endoderm - epithelial tissue
82
What are the three stages of labor?
1 - dilation and engagement of cervix 2 - expulsion to delivery of child 3 - placental stage (30 minutes after birth)
83
What does oxytocin do?
Causes myometrium in uterine wall to contract | Causes placenta to release prostaglandins --> stimulate more vigorous contractions (positive feedback)
84
What are three differences between newborn and foetal anatomy?
Ductus arteriosus = bypasses lungs Foramen ovale = bypasses lungs Ductus venosus = bypasses liver
85
What is the first breast milk called? Importance?
Colostrum (less fat - prepares gut)

APS1 2015 (9 decks)

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