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ENT > Special Senses in the Head and Neck > Flashcards

Special Senses in the Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What holes are found in the bony orbit?

A

Optic foramen
Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure

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2
Q

What cranial nerves are found in the orbit?

A

Optic (II)
Oculomotor (III)
Trochlear (IV)
Abducent (VI)

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3
Q

Function of optic nerve

A

Passes from back of eyeball and carries visual impulses

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4
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve supply?

A 
Inferior oblique 
Superior rectus
Medial rectus
Inferior rectus 
Levator palpebrae superioris
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5
Q

What does the trochlear nerve supply?

A

Superior oblique

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6
Q

What does the abducent nerve supply?

A

Lateral rectus

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7
Q

What is the orbit closely related to?

A

Sinuses

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8
Q

What is the fibrous coat of the eye?

A

Cornea

Sclera

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9
Q

What is the vascular coat of the eye?

A

Iris
Ciliary body
Choroid

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10
Q

What is the sensory coat of the eye?

A

Retina

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11
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Anterior 1/6 which is transparent and is a window to allow light rays to enter the eyeball

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12
Q

What is the sclera?

A

The opaque posterior 5/6 which gives attachment to muscles moving the eyeball

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13
Q

Function of the ciliary body

A

Suspends the lens

Produces aqueous humor

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14
Q

Function of the iris

A

Controls diameter of the pupil ; controlling the amount of light rays entering the eyeball

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15
Q

Function of the choroid

A

Supplies blood to outer layers of the retina

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16
Q

Function of the retina

A

Has light sensitive rods and cones which enable us to see

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17
Q

What is the ora serrata?

A

Anterior end of the retina

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18
Q

What happens at the optic nerve head?

A

Physical blind spot

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19
Q

What is the aqueous humor?

A

Watery fluid anterior to the lens

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20
Q

Function of aqueous humor

A

Helps to maintain intraocular pressure

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21
Q

Function of vitreous humor

A

Helps to cushion the retina

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22
Q

What is the vitreous humor?

A

A transparent gel posterior to the lens

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23
Q

Function of intrinsic ocular muscles

A

Control pupil diameter and helps alter lens curvature to enable us to see near objects

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24
Q

Function of extrinsic ocular muscles

A

Move the eye

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25
Q

What are the intrinsic eye muscles?

A

Ciliaris muscle in ciliary body
Constrictor pupillae in iris at pupillary border
Dilator pupillae - radially running muscle in the iris

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26
Q

What is the Ciliaris muscle innervated by?

A

Parasympathetic IIIn

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27
Q

What is the constrictor pupillae innervated by?

A

Parasympathetic IIIn

28
Q

What is the dilator pupillae innervated by?

A

Sympathetic from plexus around blood vessels

29
Q

What are the extra ocular muscles?

A 
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus 
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus 
Superior oblique 
Inferior oblique
30
Q

Where do the recti muscles arise from?

A

Apex of the orbit from an annular fibrous ring

31
Q

Where does the superior oblique muscle arise from?

A

Roof of the orbit posteriorly

Lesser wing of sphenoid

32
Q

Where does the inferior oblique muscle arise from?

A

Floor of the orbit anteriorly

33
Q

Where do the recti muscles insert?

A

Sclera anteriorly

34
Q

Where do the oblique muscles insert?

A

Sclera posteriorly

35
Q

Where does the LPS insert?

A

Upper eyelid

36
Q

Function of LPS

A

Elevation of eyelid

37
Q

Another name for looking up

A

Elevation

38
Q

Another name for looking laterally away from nose

A

Abduction

39
Q

Another name for looking medially towards nose

A

Adduction

40
Q

Another name for looking downwards

A

Depression

41
Q

Another name for looking up and to the right

A

Dextro-elevation

42
Q

Another name for looking up and to the left

A

Levo-elevation

43
Q

Another name for looking down and to the right

A

Dextro depression

44
Q

Actions of MR

A

Adduction

45
Q

Actions of LR

A

Abduction

46
Q

Actions of superior rectus

A

Elevation
Adduction
Intorsion

47
Q

Action of inferior rectus

A

Depression
Adduction
Extortion

48
Q

Actions of superior oblique

A

Intorsion
Depression
Abduction

49
Q

Actions of inferior oblique

A

Extorsion
Elevation
Abduction

50
Q

What is RADSIN used to remember?

A

Recti ADductors

Superiors INtortors

51
Q

Nerve supply to the lacrimal apparatus

A

Parasympathetic from facial nerve

52
Q

What happens to the lacrimal sack when blinking?

A

During each blink, eyelids spread tears evenly on the surface of the cornea
Tears drain through punctae on the medial side of each eyelid
Drains into the lacrimal sac which sits over the lacrimal bone
Then drains through the nasocralimal duct into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity

53
Q

What are the muscles of the middle ear?

A

Tensor tympani

Stapdieus

54
Q

Function of the tensor tympani

A

Helps to dampen down some vibrations

55
Q

What bone houses part of the middle and inner ear?

A

Temporal bone

56
Q

What part of the skull does the facial nerve sit in from the brain?

A

Posterior cranial fossa

Goes into internal acoustic foramen

57
Q

What travels through the internal acoustic foramen?

A

Vestibularcochlear nerve

Facial nerve

58
Q

What foramen does the middle meningeal artery run through?

A

Foramen spinosum

59
Q

Where does the MMA sit in relation to the dura mater and what does this result in if its bleeds?

A

Outside of the dura mater

Extradural haemorrhage

60
Q

What kind of glands are salivary glands?

A

Exocrine

61
Q

What type of cells in salivary glands are responsible for squeezing out secretions into the ducts?

A

Myoepithelial cells

62
Q

3 types of salivary glands

A

Serous
Mucous
Mixed

63
Q

What type of gland is the parotid gland and what colour does this stain on histology?

A

Serous

Dark staining

64
Q

What type of gland is the sublingual gland and what colour does this stain on histology?

A

Mucous

Pale staining

65
Q

What type of gland is the submandibular gland and therefore what colour does this stain on histology?

A

Mixed

Elements of both pale and dark staining

66
Q

What epithelium is found on the tongue?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinised)

67
Q

What fibres make up the tongue?

A

Skeletal muscle fibres

ENT (17 decks)

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