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ENT > ENT Emergencies > Flashcards

ENT Emergencies Flashcards

1
Q

Which parts of the body can lose loads of blood?

A

Pelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Long bones e.g. femur
Chest cavity

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2
Q

What % of blood can be lost and you can still be physiologically fine?

A

0 - 15%

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3
Q

What % of blood can be lost and you become hypotensive, your breathing changes etc?

A

15 - 30%

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4
Q

Types of stridor

A

Inspiratory
Expiratory
Biphasic

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5
Q

Features of croup

A

Stridor - hoarse and biphasic

Characteristic cough - barking

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6
Q

What is a laryngeal papilloma?

A

Viral tumour growth like a wart

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7
Q

Causes of SIRS

A

Trauma
Burns
Anaphylaxis
Infection

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8
Q

What is septic shock?

A

Hypoperfused / hypotensive despite adequate fluid replacement

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9
Q

How does the ear classically point in mastoiditis?

A

Forward

Down

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10
Q

What % of epistaxis occurs from littles area?

A

95%

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11
Q

How are you meant to put pressure on the nose to treat epistaxis?

A

Pinch top part of soft part and lean forwards

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12
Q

Treatment of epistaxis

A 
1st aid
Naseptin cream (heels the area)
Silver nitrate cautery (superficial burn)
Nasal packing 
Surgery or embolization of arteries
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13
Q

What is usually the causative organism of tonsillitis?

A

Virus

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14
Q

What causes glandular fever?

A

EBV

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15
Q

Another name for glandular fever

A

Infectious mononucleosis

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16
Q

After glandular fever, what is usually not allowed for 6 weeks?

A

Contact sports

Alcohol

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17
Q

Who gets croup?

A

6 months - 3 y/o

18
Q

Treatment for croup

A

No treatment
Supportive
- humidification
- adrenaline / neb steroids

19
Q

Causative organisms of croup

A

RSV
Flu
Paraflu

20
Q

What do children get now that prevents epiglottitis?

A

HIB vaccine

21
Q

Who gets epiglottitis?

A

Age 1 - 5 y/o

22
Q

Presentation of epiglottitis

A 
Red + flushed 
Drooling (cant swallow)
Tripoding 
Dysphagia 
Sore throat 
Muffled voice
23
Q

What is tripoding?

A

Propping airway forwards
Leaning forwards
Leaning on something

24
Q

Treatment of epiglottitis

A

Intubate
IV access
Antibiotics
Steroids

25
Q

Treatment of airway obstruction

A 
ABCDE
Oxygen / heliox
Nebulised adrenaline 
IV dexamethasone
IV antibiotics
26
Q

What do adrenaline neb and IV dex do in the treatment of airway obstruction?

A

Reduce swelling

27
Q

What is a tracheostomy?

A

A stoma / hole in the trachea

28
Q

Does a tracheostomy change the anatomy?

A

No

29
Q

What are the anatomical changes with a laryngectomy?

A

Taken everything out above

The mouth is not connected to the lungs

30
Q

Where can infection easily spread from to give periorbital cellulitis?

A

Sinuses

31
Q

Complications of periorbital cellulitis

A

Abscess

Compromised nerves and blood supply

32
Q

What is tonsillar SSC associated with?

A

HPV infection

33
Q

Where is the most common site for SCC in the oropharynx?

A

Tonsils

34
Q

Risk factors for tonsillar SCC

A

Smoking
High levels of alcohol intake
Poor oral hygiene
HPV (HPV-16)

35
Q

What is the HTLV1 (human T cell lymphotropic virus) associated with?

A

Adult T cell leukaemia

36
Q

Complications of thyroid surgery

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve damage
Bleeding
Damage to the parathyroid glands resulting in hypocalcaemia

37
Q

How can bleeding after thyroid surgery lead to respiratory compromise?

A

Venous return impaired

Resulting in laryngeal oedema and resp compromise

38
Q

What is otalgia in the absence of ear signs a red flag for?

A

Head and neck malignancy

39
Q

Any patient presenting with hoarseness who are being referred down the suspected cancer pathway should have what test and to exclude what?

A

CXR

Apical lung pathology

40
Q

What should persistent hoarseness in a smoker indicate?

A

Lung cancer

Laryngeal cancer

ENT (17 decks)

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