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ENT > Head and Neck Anatomy > Flashcards

Head and Neck Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different areas of the neck?

A 
Deep cervical fascia (surrounds neck)
Prevertebral fascia (muscle compartment)
Pretracheal fascia (visceral compartment)
Carotid sheath (neurovascular compartment)
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2
Q

How many bones does the cranium have?

A

8

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3
Q

How many bones does the facial skeleton have?

A

14

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4
Q

What are the bones of the skull?

A 
Frontal 
Parietal 
Sphenoid
Temporal 
Ethmoid 
Mandible 
Maxilla 
Zygomatic
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5
Q

Layers of the scalp

A 
Skin 
Cutaneous tissue
Aponeurosis 
Loose connective tissue
Periosteum of the cranium/pericranium
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6
Q

What is the function of the loose connective tissue of the scalp?

A

Allows the scalp to move slightly

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7
Q

Why do bleeding injuries from the scalp bleed profusely?

A

The blood vessels go through the connective tissue

The aponeurosis does not let them contract

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8
Q

What are emissary veins and what is the clinical significance?

A

Valve less veins that transverse dipole

They can spread infection intracranially

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9
Q

Function of emissary veins

A

They transverse the skull and connect the superficial layers of the scalp with the venous sinuses that are inside the cranium
These are collections of blood draining the cranium

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10
Q

What is the dipole?

A

Spongey flat bone in the midddle

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11
Q

What occurs in the dipole?

A

Red blood cell production

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12
Q

Where does storage of the RBCs occur?

A

Yellow marrow

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13
Q

What are the triangles of the neck?

A

Anterior triangle

Posterior triangle

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14
Q

What do triangles of the neck contain?

A

Arteries
Veins
Muscles
Nerves

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15
Q

What two muscles divide the triangles of the neck?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

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16
Q

What is found in the carotid sheath?

A

Carotid arteries
Internal jugular vein
CN X / Vagus nerve

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17
Q

What does the right common carotid artery (CCA) arise from?

A

The brachiocephalic artery

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18
Q

What does the left common carotid artery arise from?

A

Arch of the aorta

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19
Q

What does the common carotid artery rise up in the neck and divide into?

A

External carotid artery (ECA)

Internal carotid artery (ICA)

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20
Q

What does ECA supply?

A

Neck
Face
Scalp

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21
Q

What does the ICA supply?

A

Brain

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22
Q

What are the two jugular veins of the head and neck?

A

Internal jugular veins (IJVs)

External jugular veins (EJVs)

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23
Q

Where is the orbicularis oculi?

A

Around the eye

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24
Q

Where is the orbicularis oris found?

A

Around the mouth

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25
Q

Function of orbicularis oris

A

Helps with

  • closing mouth
  • pursing lips
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26
Q

Where is the occipitofrontalis found?

A

Where the eyebrows are

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27
Q

What is the occipitofrontalis connected to?

A

Aponeurosis in 3rd level of scalp all the way over to the back and the occipital part of the skull

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28
Q

Function of buccinator

A

Gives shape to your cheeks

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29
Q

At what time would you use the buccinator?

A

When blowing into a balloon

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30
Q

What muscles does the parotid gland lie in relation to?

A

Travels masseter
Reaches buccinator
Opens into mouth above 2nd molar tooth

31
Q

What fibres does the facial nerve contain?

A

Motor fibres
Sensory fibres
Special sensory fibres
Parasympathetic fibres

32
Q

Where does the facial nerve emerge from?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

33
Q

What are the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery?

A

Superficial temporal artery

Maxillary artery

34
Q

Where does the maxillary artery run?

A

Along the maxilla and goes deep

35
Q

What forms the cervical plexus?

A

Ventral rami of C1-C5

36
Q

What arises from the cervical plexus?

A

Sensory and motor branches innervating skin and muscles of the neck region

37
Q

What is the hyoid bone moved by?

A

Supra and infrahyoid muscles

38
Q

What are the strap muscles?

A 
Mylohyoid
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Sternocleidomastoid
Cricothyroid 
Thyrohyoid
39
Q

What are the thyroid veins?

A

Superior thyroid veins
Middle thyroid veins
Inferior thyroid veins

40
Q

Where does the middle thyroid veins drain into?

A

IJV

41
Q

Where does the inferior thyroid veins drain into?

A

Brachiocephalic vein

42
Q

Do spinal nerves have any parasympathetic fibres?

A

No

43
Q

Which part of the spinal cord pathways on a diagram do the motor fibres go?

A

Bottom fibres

44
Q

What part of the spinal cord pathways on a diagram do the sensory fibres go?

A

Top fibres

45
Q

What type of fibres can spinal nerves carry?

A

Ventral - motor

Dorsal - sensory

46
Q

What type of fibres can a cranial nerve carry?

A

Sensory
Motor
Parasympathetic

47
Q

Can cranial nerves carry sympathetic fibres?

A

No

48
Q

What are the only vertebral levels which have sympathetic output?

A

T1 - L4

49
Q

What is involved in general sensory?

A

Ordinary sensations

  • touch
  • temp
  • pain
50
Q

What is involved in special sensory?

A

Vision
Hearing
Olfaction
Taste

51
Q

How do sympathetic fibres reach the regions supplied by cranial nerves?

A

By post ganglionic fibres from the sympathetic chain from a plexus and hitch a ride with the blood vessels

52
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A 
Ophthalmic division (V1)
Maxillary division (V2)
Mandibular division (V3)
53
Q

What fibres do the trigeminal V1 nerve contain?

A

Sensory

54
Q

What fibres do the trigeminal V2 nerve contain?

A

Sensory

55
Q

What fibres do the trigeminal V3 nerve contain?

A

Sensory

Motor

56
Q

What parts of the head and neck does the trigeminal nerve supply sensation to?

A

Face

Anterior part of the scalp

57
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Pterygoids

58
Q

What opens into the spheno ethmoidal recess?

A

Sphenoid sinus

59
Q

What opens into the superior meatus?

A

Posterior ethmoidal air cells

60
Q

What opens into the middle meatus?

A

Maxillary sinus
Frontal sinus
Anterior ethmoidal air cells
Middle ethmoidal air cells

61
Q

What opens into the inferior meatus?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

62
Q

What innervates the frontal sinus?

A

V1

63
Q

What innervates the maxillary sinus?

A

V2

64
Q

What innervates the ethmoidal sinus?

A

V1

65
Q

What innervates the sphenoidal sinus?

A

V1 and V2

66
Q

Function of the epicranial aponeurosis

A

Connects occipito and frontalis

67
Q

What is the loose areolar tissue composed of? What is its function?

A

Layers 1 - 3

Allows free movement of the scalp proper

68
Q

How is the pericranium firmly attached to the bones?

A

By connective tissue fibres called sharpeys fibres

69
Q

What are the retractors of the angles of the mouth?

A

Zygomaticus major
Depressor anguli oris
Risorius
Platysma

70
Q

What is the sphincter of the mouth?

A

Orbicular oris

71
Q

What are the elevators of the upper lip?

A

Zygomaticus minor
Levator labii superioris
Nasalis
Zygomatic major

72
Q

What are the depressors of the lips?

A

Depressor labii inferioris
Platysma
Depressor anguli oris
Mentalis

73
Q

What muscles are attached to the nose?

A 
Nasalis 
Levator labii, superioris alaeque nasi
Levator labii superioris 
Zygomaticus minor
Procerus

ENT (17 decks)

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