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ENT > Anatomy and Physiology of the Throat > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology of the Throat Flashcards

1
Q

Another name for the nasal cavity

A

Nasopharynx

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2
Q

Another name for the oral cavity

A

Oropharynx

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3
Q

Another name for the larynx

A

Hypopharynx

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4
Q

2 parts of the oral cavity

A

Oral vestibule

Oral cavity proper

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5
Q

What is the oral vestibule?

A

Between the lips and teeth

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6
Q

What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?

A

Lips to palatoglossal arch (anterior pillar)
Palate to floor of mouth / tongue
Buccal mucosa

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7
Q

What are the salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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8
Q

Another name for the parotid duct

A

Stenson’s duct

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9
Q

What does the parotid duct pierce?

A

Buccinator muscle

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10
Q

Where does the parotid duct usually open into the mouth?

A

Opposite the maxillary second molar

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11
Q

Another name for the submandibular duct

A

Whartons duct

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12
Q

What muscle does the submandibular duct lie superior to?

A

Digastric muscle

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13
Q

What are the lobes of the submandibular gland and what are they separated by?

A

Superficial and deep lobes

Mylohyoid muscle

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14
Q

What nerve supplies general somatic afferent innervation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

Lingual nerve

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15
Q

What is the lingual nerve a branch of?

A

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

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16
Q

What are the two parts of the tongue?

A

Anterior 2/3rds

Posterior 1/3rd

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17
Q

What is the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue derived from?

A

1st branchial arch

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18
Q

What supplies taste to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

Chorda tympani

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19
Q

What is the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue derived from?

A

3rd branchial arch

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20
Q

What nerve supplies the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

A

CN IX

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21
Q

How many taste buds does the tongue have?

A

2000 - 8000

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22
Q

What types of taste buds are found on the tongue?

A

Filliform papillae
Fungiform papillae
Folliate papillae
Circumvallate papillae

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23
Q

Features of filiform papillae

A

Most numerous

Do not contain taste buds

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24
Q

Features of fungiform papillae

A

Scattered throughout dorsum of the tongue

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25
Q

Where are circumvallate papillae found?

A

In a row just anterior to the sulcus terminalis

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26
Q

What is the sulcus terminalis?

A

V shaped groove that demarcates the junction of the oral and pharyngeal portions of the tongue base

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27
Q

What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

Alter shape

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28
Q

What do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

Alter position

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29
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Genioglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Palatoglossus

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30
Q

What is the nerve supply of the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal nerve supplies all except from palatoglossus

31
Q

What is the nerve supply of the palatoglossus?

A

Pharyngeal plexus (CN IX - X)

32
Q

Functions of the tongue

A

Taste
Mastication
Swallowing
Speech

33
Q

Definition of mastication

A

Chewing

34
Q

Function of the oral cavity

A 
Taste
Mastication 
Speech 
Digestion 
Swallowing
35
Q

What is involved in the oral cavity for speech?

A

Tongue
Cheek
Lips

36
Q

What is involved in the oral cavity for digestion?

A

Salivary enzymes

37
Q

What is involved in the oral cavity for swallowing?

A

Tongue
Hard palate
Soft palate

38
Q

What do the muscles of mastication act on?

A

TMJ

39
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
Temporalis
Masseter

40
Q

Nerve supply of the muscles of mastication

A

CN V3

41
Q

What are the 3 phases of swallowing?

A
  1. Oral phase
  2. Pharyngeal
  3. Oesophageal
42
Q

What happens during the oral phase of swallowing?

A

Tongue propels the food (bolus) into the pharynx

Triggering the swallowing reflex

43
Q

What is the afferent nerve supply to the swallowing reflex?

A

CN V, IV, X

44
Q

What is the efferent nerve supply to the swallowing reflex?

A

CN VII, X, XII

45
Q

Where is the swallowing centre found?

A

Medulla

46
Q

What happens during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

A

Soft palate pulled upwards
Epiglottis covers the larynx, vocal cord approximate, larynx moves upwards
Upper oesophageal sphincter (UOS) relaxes
Respiration reflex inhibited

47
Q

What happens during the oesophageal phase of swallowing?

A

Once bolus passes UOS, the sphincter constricts

Bolus propelled downwards by peristaltic motion, reflex via myenteric plexus

48
Q

What provides motor innervation to both layers of the tunica muscularis?

A

Auerbachs plexus / myenteric plexus

49
Q

Boundaries of the oropharynx

A

Lower border of the soft palate to the upper margin of the epiglottis
Palatoglossal arch to posterior pharyngeal wall
Lateral; faucial pillars and palatine tonsils

50
Q

What is the epithelium of the oropharynx?

A

Stratified, non keratinised squamous epithelium

51
Q

Nerve supply to oropharynx

A

CN IX and X

52
Q

What is the blood supply to the hypopharynx?

A

Superior thyroid artery
Lingual artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery

53
Q

Nerve supply to hypopharynx

A

Pharyngeal plexus

54
Q

Boundaries of the hypopharynx

A

Superior margin of epiglottis to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage
Continuous with oesophagus
Anterior wall; back of larynx

55
Q

What are the 3 subsites of the hypopharynx?

A

Pyriform sinus
Post cricoid area
Posterior pharyngeal wall

56
Q

Nerve supply to hypopharynx

A

Pharyngeal plexus - CN IX and X

57
Q

Function of the larynx

A

Respiratory tract
Voice
Swallowing

58
Q

What are the 3 parts of the larynx?

A

Supraglottis
Glottis
Subglottic

59
Q

Where does the supraglottis extend from?

A

Superior tip of the epiglottis to the floor of the ventricular fold (junction of respiratory and squamous epithelium)

60
Q

Where does the glottis extend from?

A

Begins superiorly at the true vocal fold and extends inferiorly to a horizontal plane 5mm inferiorly to the vocal cord

61
Q

Where does the subglottis region extend from?

A

Begins 5mm below the free edge of the true vocal cord and proceeds to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

62
Q

What are the 7 segments of cartilage of the larynx?

A

Cricoid cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Epiglottis
Paired arytenoid cartilages (corniculate and cuneiform)

63
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

Infrahyoid
Suprahyoid
Thyrohyoid

64
Q

Function of extrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

Move the entire laryngeal complex

65
Q

Function of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

Regulate movements of the vocal folds

66
Q

Innervation of the larynx

A

Motor - CN X
- all instrinsic muscles - recurrent laryngeal nerve
- except cricothyroid (external laryngeal nerve)
Sensory
- supraglottic - internal laryngeal nerve
- glottic and subglottic - recurrent laryngeal nerve

67
Q

What laryngeal nerve has a higher risk of injury during operative chest procedures and why?

A

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

It has a longer course since it loops around the aortic arch instead of the right subclavian artery

68
Q

What is the source of energy for speech?

A

Air flow

69
Q

How does phonation of speech work?

A

Flow of air through different vocal cord position, tension, vibration and length

70
Q

What does resonation of speech depend on?

A 
Oral / nasal speech balance
Depends on 
- nasopharynx 
- nasal cavity
- oral cavity
71
Q

How is articulation of speech produced?

A

Lips
Tongue
Jaw

72
Q

What is prosody?

A

The rhythm, stress and intonation of speech

73
Q

What is prosody of speech assosiated with?

A

Brocas area of the left frontal lobe

ENT (17 decks)

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