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Anatomy Midterm #2 > Special Senses I > Flashcards

Special Senses I Flashcards

1
Q

sensory information

A
  • always surrounds us
  • gives info about inside and outside environments
  • detected by receptors and sent to brain
  • tough, taste, hearing, vision, smell, equilibrium
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2
Q

receptors

A
  • respond to stimuli
  • initiate sensory input to CNS
  • simple and complex structures
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3
Q

stimuli

A
  • changes in sensory info
  • detected by receptors
  • pleasurable or alert to danger or moment-to-moment info
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4
Q

sensation

A
  • conscious awareness of stimulus
  • only stimulus that reaches cerebral cortex
  • only a fractions of stimuli
  • much input relayed to lower areas of brain
  • response initiated without awareness
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5
Q

receptors as transducers

A
  • change from one energy form to another
  • original energy specific type of receptor
  • energy is transducer to electrical energy, then conducted along an afferent sensory neuron
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6
Q

distribution receptors

A
  • general sense receptors

- special senses receptors

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7
Q

general sense receptors

A
  • throughout body
  • in skin and internal organs
  • simple in structure
    somatic and visceral
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8
Q

somatic sensory receptors

A
  • skeletal muscles
  • in skin, joints, muscles, tendons
  • detect pressure, vibration, pan, stretch
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9
Q

visceral sensory receptors

A
  • smooth muscles
  • in walls of viscera
  • blood vessels, hear, stomach, intestines, bladder
  • respond to temperature, chemicals, stretch, pain
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10
Q

special senses receptors

A
  • in head
  • specialized complex sense organs
  • 5 special senses: gustation, olfaction, vision, hearing, equilibrium
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11
Q

stimulus receptors (9)

A
  • exteroceptors
  • interoceptors
  • proprioceptors
  • chemoreceptors
  • thermoreceptors
  • photoreceptors
  • mechanoreceptors
  • baroreceptors
  • nocireceptors
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12
Q

exteroceptors

A

stimuli from external environment

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13
Q

interoceptors

A

stimuli from internal organs

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14
Q

proprioceptors

A

body and limb movements in space

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15
Q

chemoreceptors

A

chemicals in the environment (taste, smell)

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16
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temperature changes in environment and body

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17
Q

photoreceptors

A

in the eye, detect light intensity, colour, movement

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18
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

touch, vibration, pressure, stretch

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19
Q

baroreceptors

A

pressure changes in organs and vessels

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20
Q

nocireceptors

A

painful stimuli
high pain
somatic/skeletal
visceral/smooth

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21
Q

referred pain

A
  • sensory nerve signals from certain viscera
  • not perceived as originated from an organ, perceived as coming from dermatomes of skin
  • same ascending tracts within spinal cord that house cutaneous and visceral sensory neurons
  • sensory cortex unable to differentiate actual and false stimuli
  • stimulus localized incorrectly
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22
Q

sites of referred pain: cardiac problems

A
  • receive sympathetic innervation from T1-T5
  • pain of myocardial infraction sometimes referred here
  • pain along medial side of left arm
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23
Q

sites of referred pain: kidney and ureter pain

A
  • referred along T10-L2 dermatomes

- overlie inferior abdominal wall in groin and loin

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24
Q

special senses

A
  • smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium
  • in complex sensory organs
  • olfaction and gustation are chemoreceptors
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25
olfactory epithelium
- covers superior nasal cavity and cribriform plate - 3 types of receptor cells - only detect smell when the molecules hit the olfactory epithelium
26
3 types of olfaction receptor cells
1) olfactory receptors 2) supporting cells 3) basal cells
27
olfactory receptors
- bipolar neurons (CN 1) with cilia or olfactory hairs
28
supporting cells
- columnar epithelium
29
basal cells
- stem cells | - replace receptors monthly
30
olfactory glands
- Bowmans glands - helps to stop smelling stimuli - helps detach bond of odourant molecules
31
gustatory sense
- requires dissolving of substances in water or saliva - sour, bitter, sweet, salty, and umami - taste buds are in a papillae - taste buds are on tongue, soft palate, epiglottis, sides of valuate, foliate, and fungiform papillae - not on fusiform papillae
32
3 cells types in gustation
- supporting cells - receptor cells - basal cells
33
anatomy of taste buds
- oval body with ~50 receptor cells surrounded by supporting cells - gustatory hairs project upwards through taste pores - basal cells develop into new receptor cells every 10 days
34
sweet taste
- produced by organic compounds | - sugar, artificial sweeteners
35
salty taste
- produced by metal ions | - Na+, K+
36
sour taste
- associated with metal ions | - vinegar
37
bitter taste
- produced by alkaloids | - unsweetened chocolate
38
umami taste
- related to amino acids | - proteins to produces meaty flavour
39
threshold for taste
- most sensitive to bitter (poison) | - least sensitive to salty and sweet
40
adaptation
- when you stimulate a neuron so much that it stops sending the signal - complete adaptation in 1-5 minutes
41
mechanism of taste
- dissolved substances contacts gustatory hairs | - nerve impulse formed on 1st order neurons
42
accessory structures of the eye
- eyelids - eyelashes - eyebrows - lacrimal glands
43
eyelashes and eyebrows
- help protect from foreign objects, perspiration, and sunlight - sebaceous glands found at base of eyelashes
44
sty
- when glands at base of eyelashes become infected | - inflammation of oil glands
45
eyelids
- protect and lubricate eye | - palpebral fissure is gap between eyelids
46
lacrimal apparatus
- ~1mL of fluid produces per day - fluid spread over eye by blinking - contains bacterial enzyme called lysozyme
47
flow of tears
1) lacrimal gland 2) excretory lacrimal ducts 3) superior or inferior lacrimal canal 4) lacrimal sac 5) nasolacrimal duct 6) nasal cavity
48
conjunctiva
- thin, clear, moist membrane | - lines insides of eyelids and coats outer surface of eye
49
conjunctivitis
- pink eye - inflammation of conjunctiva - cause by allergies, viruses, or bacteria
50
anatomy of internal eye
1) fibrous tunic: sclera, cornea 2) vascular tunic: iris, ciliary body, choroid 3) retina: pigmented layer, neural layer
51
cornea
- avascular - transparent - helps focus light - parallel collagen fibers - nourished by tears and aqueous humor
52
cornea transplants
- common and successful | - no blood vessels so no antibodies to cause rejection
53
sclera
- white of eye - dense irregular connective tissue layer (collagen and fibroblasts) - provides shaped support - sclera venous sinus is opening at junction of sclera and cornea - posteriorly pierced by optic nerve (CNII)
54
choroid
- pigmented epithelial cells (melanocytes) and blood vessels - provides nutrients to retina - black pigment in melanocytes absorb scattered light
55
ciliary body
- ciliary process: folds on ciliary body, secrete aqueous humour fluid, where suspensory ligaments attach - ciliary muscle: Smooth muscle that alters shape of lens, controls tension on ligaments and lens
56
iris
- coloured part of eye, flat donut - suspended between cornea and lens - hole in center is pupil - regulates amount of light entering eye - changes in size to let in different amounts of light
57
muscles of iris
- convector pupillae (circular) are innervated by parasympathetic fibers - dilator pupillae (radial) are innervated by sympathetic fibres - response varies with different levels of light
58
lens
- avascular - crystalline proteins arranged in layers - clear capsule, transparent - held in place by suspensory ligaments - focuses light of retina
59
cataracts
- clouding of lens - genetic and habit factors - cataract surgery is easy and common
60
retina
- posterior 3/4 of eyeball | - has optic disc
61
optic disc
- optic nerve exiting back of eyeball - slightly medial from centre of retina - no photoreceptors - blind spot - macula lutea - peripheral retina
62
macula lutea
- where light comes directly in - point of best vision - rounded, yellowish region lateral to optic disc - contains fovea centralis
63
fovea centralis
- small depressed pit - highest proportion of cones - few rods - area of sharpest vision
64
peripheral retina
- remaining regions - has primarily rods - functions most effectively in low light
65
layers of retina
- pigmented layer | - neural layer
66
pigmented layer of retina
- non visual portion - absorbs light - helps keep image clear
67
neural layer of retina
- 3 layers of neurons 1) photoreceptor layer 2) bipolar neuron layer 3) ganglion neuron layer
68
rods
- shades of grey in dim light - shapes and movements - 120 million rod cells - distributed along periphery
69
cones
- sharp - colour vision - 6 million - fovea of macula luted is where they are concentrated (densely packed region, at exact visual axis of eye, sharpest resolution or acuity)
70
anterior cavity of eye
- filled with aqueous humor - produced by ciliary body - continually drained
71
2 chambers of anterior cavity of eye
1) anterior chamber: cornea to iris | 2) posterior chamber: iris to lens
72
posterior cavity of eye
- filled with vitreous body - formed once during embryonic life - "floaters" are debris in vitreous of older individuals
73
vitreous body
- formed once - jellylike - cannot be replaces - eye is useless if it is damaged
74
aqueous humor
- always being produced by ciliary body - flows from posterior chamber into anterior through pupil - ciliary process secretes aqueous humor - canal of Schlemm
75
canal of Schlemm
- scleral venous sinus - openings at junction of cornea and sclera - drains aqueous humor from eye to bloodstream
76
glaucoma
- problem with drainage of aqueous humor - increased intraocular pressure over time can lead to blindness - too much pressure on lens
77
visual pathway
1) optic nerve 2) optic chasm 3) optic tract 4) lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus 5) optic radiations 6) primary visual area of cortex in occipital lobe

Anatomy Midterm #2 (8 decks)

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