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Anatomy Midterm #2 > Special Senses I > Flashcards

Special Senses I Flashcards

1
Q

sensory information

A
  • always surrounds us
  • gives info about inside and outside environments
  • detected by receptors and sent to brain
  • tough, taste, hearing, vision, smell, equilibrium
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2
Q

receptors

A
  • respond to stimuli
  • initiate sensory input to CNS
  • simple and complex structures
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3
Q

stimuli

A
  • changes in sensory info
  • detected by receptors
  • pleasurable or alert to danger or moment-to-moment info
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4
Q

sensation

A
  • conscious awareness of stimulus
  • only stimulus that reaches cerebral cortex
  • only a fractions of stimuli
  • much input relayed to lower areas of brain
  • response initiated without awareness
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5
Q

receptors as transducers

A
  • change from one energy form to another
  • original energy specific type of receptor
  • energy is transducer to electrical energy, then conducted along an afferent sensory neuron
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6
Q

distribution receptors

A
  • general sense receptors

- special senses receptors

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7
Q

general sense receptors

A
  • throughout body
  • in skin and internal organs
  • simple in structure
    somatic and visceral
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8
Q

somatic sensory receptors

A
  • skeletal muscles
  • in skin, joints, muscles, tendons
  • detect pressure, vibration, pan, stretch
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9
Q

visceral sensory receptors

A
  • smooth muscles
  • in walls of viscera
  • blood vessels, hear, stomach, intestines, bladder
  • respond to temperature, chemicals, stretch, pain
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10
Q

special senses receptors

A
  • in head
  • specialized complex sense organs
  • 5 special senses: gustation, olfaction, vision, hearing, equilibrium
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11
Q

stimulus receptors (9)

A
  • exteroceptors
  • interoceptors
  • proprioceptors
  • chemoreceptors
  • thermoreceptors
  • photoreceptors
  • mechanoreceptors
  • baroreceptors
  • nocireceptors
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12
Q

exteroceptors

A

stimuli from external environment

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13
Q

interoceptors

A

stimuli from internal organs

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14
Q

proprioceptors

A

body and limb movements in space

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15
Q

chemoreceptors

A

chemicals in the environment (taste, smell)

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16
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temperature changes in environment and body

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17
Q

photoreceptors

A

in the eye, detect light intensity, colour, movement

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18
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

touch, vibration, pressure, stretch

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19
Q

baroreceptors

A

pressure changes in organs and vessels

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20
Q

nocireceptors

A

painful stimuli
high pain
somatic/skeletal
visceral/smooth

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21
Q

referred pain

A
  • sensory nerve signals from certain viscera
  • not perceived as originated from an organ, perceived as coming from dermatomes of skin
  • same ascending tracts within spinal cord that house cutaneous and visceral sensory neurons
  • sensory cortex unable to differentiate actual and false stimuli
  • stimulus localized incorrectly
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22
Q

sites of referred pain: cardiac problems

A
  • receive sympathetic innervation from T1-T5
  • pain of myocardial infraction sometimes referred here
  • pain along medial side of left arm
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23
Q

sites of referred pain: kidney and ureter pain

A
  • referred along T10-L2 dermatomes

- overlie inferior abdominal wall in groin and loin

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24
Q

special senses

A
  • smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium
  • in complex sensory organs
  • olfaction and gustation are chemoreceptors
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25
Q

olfactory epithelium

A
  • covers superior nasal cavity and cribriform plate
  • 3 types of receptor cells
  • only detect smell when the molecules hit the olfactory epithelium
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26
Q

3 types of olfaction receptor cells

A

1) olfactory receptors
2) supporting cells
3) basal cells

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27
Q

olfactory receptors

A
  • bipolar neurons (CN 1) with cilia or olfactory hairs
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28
Q

supporting cells

A
  • columnar epithelium
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29
Q

basal cells

A
  • stem cells

- replace receptors monthly

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30
Q

olfactory glands

A
  • Bowmans glands
  • helps to stop smelling stimuli
  • helps detach bond of odourant molecules
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31
Q

gustatory sense

A
  • requires dissolving of substances in water or saliva
  • sour, bitter, sweet, salty, and umami
  • taste buds are in a papillae
  • taste buds are on tongue, soft palate, epiglottis, sides of valuate, foliate, and fungiform papillae
  • not on fusiform papillae
32
Q

3 cells types in gustation

A
  • supporting cells
  • receptor cells
  • basal cells
33
Q

anatomy of taste buds

A
  • oval body with ~50 receptor cells surrounded by supporting cells
  • gustatory hairs project upwards through taste pores
  • basal cells develop into new receptor cells every 10 days
34
Q

sweet taste

A
  • produced by organic compounds

- sugar, artificial sweeteners

35
Q

salty taste

A
  • produced by metal ions

- Na+, K+

36
Q

sour taste

A
  • associated with metal ions

- vinegar

37
Q

bitter taste

A
  • produced by alkaloids

- unsweetened chocolate

38
Q

umami taste

A
  • related to amino acids

- proteins to produces meaty flavour

39
Q

threshold for taste

A
  • most sensitive to bitter (poison)

- least sensitive to salty and sweet

40
Q

adaptation

A
  • when you stimulate a neuron so much that it stops sending the signal
  • complete adaptation in 1-5 minutes
41
Q

mechanism of taste

A
  • dissolved substances contacts gustatory hairs

- nerve impulse formed on 1st order neurons

42
Q

accessory structures of the eye

A
  • eyelids
  • eyelashes
  • eyebrows
  • lacrimal glands
43
Q

eyelashes and eyebrows

A
  • help protect from foreign objects, perspiration, and sunlight
  • sebaceous glands found at base of eyelashes
44
Q

sty

A
  • when glands at base of eyelashes become infected

- inflammation of oil glands

45
Q

eyelids

A
  • protect and lubricate eye

- palpebral fissure is gap between eyelids

46
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A
  • ~1mL of fluid produces per day
  • fluid spread over eye by blinking
  • contains bacterial enzyme called lysozyme
47
Q

flow of tears

A

1) lacrimal gland
2) excretory lacrimal ducts
3) superior or inferior lacrimal canal
4) lacrimal sac
5) nasolacrimal duct
6) nasal cavity

48
Q

conjunctiva

A
  • thin, clear, moist membrane

- lines insides of eyelids and coats outer surface of eye

49
Q

conjunctivitis

A
  • pink eye
  • inflammation of conjunctiva
  • cause by allergies, viruses, or bacteria
50
Q

anatomy of internal eye

A

1) fibrous tunic: sclera, cornea
2) vascular tunic: iris, ciliary body, choroid
3) retina: pigmented layer, neural layer

51
Q

cornea

A
  • avascular
  • transparent
  • helps focus light
  • parallel collagen fibers
  • nourished by tears and aqueous humor
52
Q

cornea transplants

A
  • common and successful

- no blood vessels so no antibodies to cause rejection

53
Q

sclera

A
  • white of eye
  • dense irregular connective tissue layer (collagen and fibroblasts)
  • provides shaped support
  • sclera venous sinus is opening at junction of sclera and cornea
  • posteriorly pierced by optic nerve (CNII)
54
Q

choroid

A
  • pigmented epithelial cells (melanocytes) and blood vessels
  • provides nutrients to retina
  • black pigment in melanocytes absorb scattered light
55
Q

ciliary body

A
  • ciliary process: folds on ciliary body, secrete aqueous humour fluid, where suspensory ligaments attach
  • ciliary muscle: Smooth muscle that alters shape of lens, controls tension on ligaments and lens
56
Q

iris

A
  • coloured part of eye, flat donut
  • suspended between cornea and lens
  • hole in center is pupil
  • regulates amount of light entering eye
  • changes in size to let in different amounts of light
57
Q

muscles of iris

A
  • convector pupillae (circular) are innervated by parasympathetic fibers
  • dilator pupillae (radial) are innervated by sympathetic fibres
  • response varies with different levels of light
58
Q

lens

A
  • avascular
  • crystalline proteins arranged in layers
  • clear capsule, transparent
  • held in place by suspensory ligaments
  • focuses light of retina
59
Q

cataracts

A
  • clouding of lens
  • genetic and habit factors
  • cataract surgery is easy and common
60
Q

retina

A
  • posterior 3/4 of eyeball

- has optic disc

61
Q

optic disc

A
  • optic nerve exiting back of eyeball
  • slightly medial from centre of retina
  • no photoreceptors
  • blind spot
  • macula lutea
  • peripheral retina
62
Q

macula lutea

A
  • where light comes directly in
  • point of best vision
  • rounded, yellowish region lateral to optic disc
  • contains fovea centralis
63
Q

fovea centralis

A
  • small depressed pit
  • highest proportion of cones
  • few rods
  • area of sharpest vision
64
Q

peripheral retina

A
  • remaining regions
  • has primarily rods
  • functions most effectively in low light
65
Q

layers of retina

A
  • pigmented layer

- neural layer

66
Q

pigmented layer of retina

A
  • non visual portion
  • absorbs light
  • helps keep image clear
67
Q

neural layer of retina

A
  • 3 layers of neurons
    1) photoreceptor layer
    2) bipolar neuron layer
    3) ganglion neuron layer
68
Q

rods

A
  • shades of grey in dim light
  • shapes and movements
  • 120 million rod cells
  • distributed along periphery
69
Q

cones

A
  • sharp
  • colour vision
  • 6 million
  • fovea of macula luted is where they are concentrated (densely packed region, at exact visual axis of eye, sharpest resolution or acuity)
70
Q

anterior cavity of eye

A
  • filled with aqueous humor
  • produced by ciliary body
  • continually drained
71
Q

2 chambers of anterior cavity of eye

A

1) anterior chamber: cornea to iris

2) posterior chamber: iris to lens

72
Q

posterior cavity of eye

A
  • filled with vitreous body
  • formed once during embryonic life
  • “floaters” are debris in vitreous of older individuals
73
Q

vitreous body

A
  • formed once
  • jellylike
  • cannot be replaces
  • eye is useless if it is damaged
74
Q

aqueous humor

A
  • always being produced by ciliary body
  • flows from posterior chamber into anterior through pupil
  • ciliary process secretes aqueous humor
  • canal of Schlemm
75
Q

canal of Schlemm

A
  • scleral venous sinus
  • openings at junction of cornea and sclera
  • drains aqueous humor from eye to bloodstream
76
Q

glaucoma

A
  • problem with drainage of aqueous humor
  • increased intraocular pressure over time can lead to blindness
  • too much pressure on lens
77
Q

visual pathway

A

1) optic nerve
2) optic chasm
3) optic tract
4) lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus
5) optic radiations
6) primary visual area of cortex in occipital lobe

Anatomy Midterm #2 (8 decks)

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