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Anatomy Midterm #2 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular system

A
  • heart propels blood to and from body tissues via 2 types of blood vessels, arteries and veins
  • arteries and veins directly entering and leaving the heart are called great vessels
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2
Q

arteries

A
  • blood vessels that carry blood away from heart

- ~oxygenated

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3
Q

veins

A
  • blood vessels that carry blood back to heart

- ~deoxygenated

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4
Q

characteristics of heart

A
  • blood flow through heart is unidirectional because of 4 valves within heart
  • capillary bed is one cell thick, where all exchange occurs
  • heart is functionally two side-by-side pumps that work at same rate and pump same volume of blood
  • one pump direct deoxygenated blood to lungs, one pump directs oxygenated blood to most body tissues
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5
Q

functions of heart

A
  • heart generates blood pressure through alternate cycles of heart walls contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole)
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6
Q

blood pressure

A
  • force of blood pushing against inside walls of blood vessels
  • min blood pressure is essential to circulate blood throughout body
  • higher on contraction phase
  • 120/80 is normal
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7
Q

2 circulations of cardiovascular system

A

1) pulmonary

2) systemic

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8
Q

pulmonary circulation

A
  • right side of heart and pulmonary arteries and veins

- conveys deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation and back to left side of heart

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9
Q

systemic circulation

A
  • left side of heart and arteries and veins

- conveys oxygenated blood to body tissues and deoxygenated blood back to right side of heart

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10
Q

vessels of pulmonary circulation

A
  • pulmonary veins
  • pulmonary arteries
  • right atrium
  • right ventricle
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11
Q

vessels of systemic circulation

A
  • left atrium
  • left ventricle
  • aorta to systemic arteries
  • systemic veins
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12
Q

apex and base

A
  • apex: inferior

- base: superior

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13
Q

pericardium

A
  • hear is enclosed in tough sac called pericardium
  • restricts heart movement so it only moves slightly in thorax
  • protects heart
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14
Q

two parts of pericardium

A

1) fibrous pericardium

2) serous pericardium

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15
Q

fibrous pericardium

A
  • tick outer covering of tough, dense connective tissue
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16
Q

serous pericardium

A
  • closer to heart
  • composed of two layers
  • parietal layer: outer surface
  • visceral layer: inner surface
  • in between is pericardial cavity filled with fluid
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17
Q

anatomy of heart wall

A
  • 3 layers
    1) epicardium
    2) myocardium
    3) endocardium
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18
Q

epicardium

A
  • consists of visceral layer of serous pericardium and areolar connective tissue
  • outer
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19
Q

myocardium

A
  • cardiac muscles
  • thickest layer
  • middle
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20
Q

endocardium

A
  • internal surface of heat chambers and external surface of heart valves
  • where blood is running
  • inner
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21
Q

structure of cardiac muscle cells

A
  • branches
  • single, central nucleus
  • striated (thin actin and thick myosin)
  • intercalated discs at junctions
  • functional syncytium (when on contracts, they all contract)
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22
Q

cardiac vortex dn functional syncitium

A
  • atrial muscles ranged in figure 8 around smaller atria

- ventricular muscles are wrapped around and between larger ventricles

23
Q

external heart anatomy

A
  • 4 hollow chambers: 2 smaller and superior atria and 2 larger inferior ventricles
  • inferoanterior borders of atria form muscular extension called auricles
    atria and ventricles are separate from each other by a groove called coronary sulcus
  • anterior and posterior interventricular sulki are between right and left ventricles and run from coronary sulcus toward apex
  • grooves are for blood vessels to sit in so they don’t hit against pericardium and lose pressure
24
Q

4 chambers of heart

A

1) right atrium
2) right ventricle
3) left atrium
4) left ventricle

25
Q

4 valves of heart

A

1) right atrioventricular (tricuspid)
2) pulmonary semilunar
3) left atrioventricular (bicuspid o mitral)
4) aortic semilunar

26
Q

right atrium

A
  • receives venous blood from heart, muscles, and systemic circulation
27
Q

3 veins that drain into right atrium

A

1) superior vena cava
2) inferior vena cava
3) coronary sinus (drains deoxygenated blood out of heart)

28
Q

right atrioventricular valve

A
  • deoxygenated blood flows from right atrium to right ventricle through this
  • forced closed when right ventricle begins to contract, preventing blood back flow into right atrium
29
Q

right ventricle

A
  • receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium
  • inter ventricular septum forms thick wall between right and left ventricles
  • inner wall of each ventricle displays large, irregular muscular ridges called trabecular carneae, to move blood to have better chance of picking up more oxygen
30
Q

papillary muscles

A
  • 3 cone shapes muscle projections in right ventricle
  • anchor thin strands of strong connective tissue made of collagen fibers called chordae tendonae
  • cordae tendonae attach to 3 cusps of right atrioventricular valve
  • cusps are triangular flaps that hang down into ventricle
  • cordae tendonae prevents cusps from prolapsing into right atrium when right ventricle contracts
31
Q

conus arterioles of right ventricle

A
  • at superior end, smooth area
  • beyond is pulmonary semilunar valve which marks end of ventricle and beginning of pulmonary trunk
  • deoxygenated blood is sent to lungs
32
Q

semilunar valves

A
  • 2: pulmonary and aortic
  • in roof of right and left ventricles
  • composed of 3 thin half-moon-shaped, pocket like semilunar cusps
  • no cordae tendonae or papillary muscles
  • when ventricles contract, blood pushes cusps against arterial trunks
  • ## when ventricles relax, some blood flows back toward ventricles, enters pockets of cusps and forces them towards midline, closing the valve
33
Q

left atrium

A
  • oxygenated blood from lungs travels through pulmonary veins to here
  • separated from left ventricle by left atrioventricular valve
  • valve has 2 triangular cusps
  • valve is forced shut when left ventricle contracts
34
Q

left ventricle

A
  • wall is 3x thicker than right because you need to produce a greater pressure wave to fight gravity and circulate blood
  • pumps blood to entire body except lungs
  • aortic semilunar valve at roof which marks end of left ventricle and beginning of aorta
35
Q

aorta

A
  • largest vessel in body
    3 regions: ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta
  • descending aorta supplies blood to lower limbs and viscera
36
Q

3 branches or aortic arch

A

1) brachiocephalic trunk: right head and upper limbs, has right common carotid and right subclavian
2) left common carotid: left head
3) left subclavian: left upper limb

37
Q

coronary circulation

A
  • right and left coronary arteries travel in coronary sulcus and supply heart wall with oxygen and nutrients
  • coronary arteries are only branches given off by ascending aorta
  • openings are aortic sinuses
38
Q

coronary veins

A
  • venous return of blood from heart wall muscles occur through 3 major veins
    1) great cardiac vein: anterior interventricular artery
    2) middle cardiac vein: posterior interventricular artery
    3) small cardiac vein: close to marginal artery
  • all drain into coronary sinus that drains into right atrium
39
Q

anatomy of blood vessels

A
  • arteries, capillaries, and veins
  • arteries carry blood away from hear and become progressively smaller as they branch into arterioles and then capillaries
  • veins return blood to hearts and become progressively larger as they exit capillaries and merge into venues and veins as they get closer to heart
40
Q

3 blood vessel tunics

A

1) tunica externa
2) tunica media
3) tunica intima

41
Q

tunica externa

A
  • connective tissue that helps anchor blood vessel to an organ
  • larger blood vessels require their own blood supply
  • smaller arteries that supply larger are called vasa vasorum which run through this
42
Q

tunica media

A
  • comprised of circularly arranged smooth muscle
  • sympathetic input causes smooth muscle to contract resulting in vasoconstriction
  • parasympathetic input results in vasodilation
43
Q

tunica intima

A
  • composed of an endothelium (simple squamous epithelium lining inside or arteries and veins)
    and a sub endothelial layer of areolar connective tissue
44
Q

types of arteries

A
  • elastic arteries
  • muscular arteries
  • arterioles
45
Q

elastic arteries

A
  • largest, biggest lumen, thickest walls
  • huge volume of elastic fibers
  • elastic fibers allows arteries to stretch under increased pressure generated by bloodlfow
  • branch into muscular arteries
46
Q

muscular arteries

A
  • possess elastic fibres in 2 concentric rings between 3 tunic
    1) internal elastic lamina: separates tunia intima and media
    2) external elastic lamina: separates tunica media and externa
47
Q

arterioles

A
  • smaller, thinner lumen
  • less than 6 cells layers of smooth muscle in tunica medis
  • sympathetic innervation to muscle fibre cells of tunica media causes vasoconstriction resulting in elevated blood pressure
  • parasympathetic innervation cause vasodilation and lower blood pressure
  • only vessels capable of vasoconstriction and vasodilation
48
Q

capillaries

A
  • smallest of all blood vessles
  • diameter slightly larger than erythrocytes
  • wall is only tunica intima (single epithelium layer)
  • only type of blood vessel where metabolic exchange can occur between blood and cells outside of bloodstream
49
Q

types of capillaries

A

1) continuous
2) fenestrated
3) sinusoid

50
Q

continuous capillaries

A
  • most common
  • endothelial cells form a continuous and complete lining aided by presence of tight junction
  • skin, lungs, muscles
51
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A
  • endothelial cells possess small holes to allow fluid exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
  • kidney, small intestine
52
Q

sinusoid capillaries

A
  • have big gaps between endothelial cells that promote transport of large molecules and cells to and from the blood
  • liver, spleen
53
Q

venules

A
  • smallest veins
  • companion vessels with arterioles
  • smallest are located at end of capillary bed and called post capillary venules
  • merge to form veins
54
Q

veins

A
  • larger than venues
  • smaller and medium sized travel within muscular arteries
  • large travel with elastic arteries
  • BP in veins is too low to overcome forces of gravity and possess valves
  • as skeletal muscles contra they help to pump blood towards heart (skeletal muscle pump)
  • at rest, body veins old ~60% of body blood
  • they function as blood reservoirs

Anatomy Midterm #2 (8 decks)

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