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Anatomy Midterm #2 > Nervous II > Flashcards

Nervous II Flashcards

1
Q

cerebrum

A
  • conscious thought, intellectual functions
  • has a large number of neurons needed for complex analytical and integrative functions
  • cerebral cortex is executive suite of nervous system
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2
Q

functional areas of cerebrum

A

1) motor: voluntary
2) sensory: awareness of sensation
3) association: integrate and store info

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3
Q

cerebrum structure

A
  • formed from telencephalon
  • outer layer is cerebral cortex (grey matter)
  • internal layer is white matter
  • folds into elevated gyro
  • shallow sulci
  • deeper grooves called fissures
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4
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A
  • left and right
  • divided by longitudinal fissure
  • connected by band of white matter for communication between them (corpus callous)
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5
Q

lobes of cerebrum

A
  • frontal: voluntary motor function
  • parietal: sensory function
  • temporal: hearing and smell
  • occipital: vision and visual memory
  • insula: memory and taste
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6
Q

prefrontal cortex

A
  • most complicated

- intellect, learning, personality, emotions, social interactions

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7
Q

speech associations areas

A
  • brocas area
  • wernickes area
  • connected by group of nerve fibres called arcuate fasiculus
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8
Q

broas area

A
  • left frontal lobe

- language production

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9
Q

wernickes area

A
  • left temporal lobe

- processing of words heard

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10
Q

diencephalon

A
  • 3 paired structures
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
    encloses 3rd ventricle
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11
Q

thalamus

A
  • oval masses of grey matter on either side of 3rd ventricle
  • sensory relay station
  • where impulses from senses (except olfaction) converge and synapse
  • sorts and relays info to be sent to cerebral cortex
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12
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • for wall of 3rd ventricle
  • thin, stalk-like infundibulum extends inferiorly from hypothalamus to attach to pituitary
  • controls homeostasis
  • autonomic NS, endocrine NS, body temp, emotional behaviour, food and water intake, sleep-wake cycles
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13
Q

epithalamus

A
  • very small
  • forms roof of 3rd ventricle
  • houses pineal gland
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14
Q

pineal gland

A
  • secrets melatonin

- melatonin is a hormone that helps regulated day-night (circadian rhythm) with hypothalamus

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15
Q

midbrain

A

visual and auditory reflex centres

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16
Q

brain stem

A
  • pons

- medulla oblongata

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17
Q

pons

A
  • relays info from cerebrum to cerebellum

- helos respiration

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18
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • sensory and visceral control centres

- pains, heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiration, vomiting, coughing

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19
Q

limbic system

A
  • where cerebral cortex meets subcortical structures
  • direct impact on endocrine system
  • learning, motivation, memory, emotion
  • associated with brains pleasure centre
    hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala
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20
Q

hippocampus

A
  • paired, curves, under the middle of temporal lobe
  • learning
  • spatial orientation, navigation, spatial memory
  • short and long term memory
  • emotional responses to stimuli
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21
Q

amygdala

A
  • almond-shaped nuclei deep in temporal lobe at end of hippocampus
  • memory
    interprets emotions and moods (fear, happiness, pleasure anxiety, sadness)
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22
Q

psychopaths and amygdala

A
  • have ~20% reduced size and function
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23
Q

science of addiction

A

-

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24
Q

cerebellum

A
  • 11% of brain mass
  • “little brain”
  • input from cortex, brain stem, and sensory receptors
  • allows smooth and coordinated movements
  • maintains balance and posture
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25
Q

cerebellum hemispheres

A
  • hemispheres connected by vermis
  • folia are transversely oriented gyri
  • each hemisphere has 3 lobes
  • arbor vitae is tree pattern of cerebellar white matter
  • encases 4th ventricle
26
Q

spinal cord

A
  • provides a vital link between brain and rest of body

- attached to spinal nerves

27
Q

2 important functions of spinal cord

A

1) pathway for sensory and motor impulses

2) responsible for reflexes (quickest reactions to a stimulus)

28
Q

spinal cord anatomy

A
  • grey matter in center
  • white matter surrounds grey
  • all neurons that have cell body in grey matter are multipolar
  • right and left horns connected by thin band of grey matter (grey commissure)
  • central canal is hollow with CSF
29
Q

cervical enlargement

A
  • in inferior cervical part of spinal cord

- innervates upper limbs

30
Q

lumbosacral enlargement

A
  • extends through lumbar and sacral parts of spina cord

- innervates lower limbs

31
Q

conus medullaris

A
  • tapering inferior end of spinal cord

- official end of spinal cord proper

32
Q

vertebral canal

A
  • spinal cord is shorter than vertebral canal
  • runs 2/3 of spinal column length
  • ends between L1 & L2
33
Q

cauda equina

A
  • inferior to conus medullaris

- groups of axons projecting from spinal cord

34
Q

filum terminale

A
  • within cauda equina
  • thin strand of Pia mater
  • helps anchor conus medullaris to coccyx
35
Q

lumbar puncture

A
  • spinal tap
  • CSF removed from subarachnoid to diagnose meningitis
  • between L3 and L4 because its past conus medullaris
  • patient bent to make space
  • similar to epidural
36
Q

dermatomes

A
  • area of skin innervated by cutaneous branch of a single spinal nerve
  • every spinal nerve innervates a dermatome (except C1)
  • adjacent dermatomes overlap and not clearly separated
  • overlap in trunk more than limbs
37
Q

how to determine and spinal cord or nerve injury

A

determine position by examining the dermatomes affected

38
Q

important nerves

A
  • cranial and spinal nerves are peripheral NS

- all nerves emerge from brain or spinal cord

39
Q

cranial nerves

A
  • 12 pair
  • 2 at forebrain and rest with brain stem
  • mostly mixed
  • 2 pair purely sensory
  • “oh once one takes the anatomy final very good vacations are heavenly”
40
Q

CN I

A
  • olfactory nerve
  • olfaction=sensory nerve (sense of smell)
  • fibres pass through cribriform plate in skull to embed in nasal cavity
41
Q

CN II

A
  • optic nerve
  • vision= sensory nerve (sense of vision)
  • criss-cross before entering brain (optic chiasm)
  • sends half to on side of brain and half to the other
42
Q

CN III

A
  • oculomotor nerve
  • motor nerve
  • 3 rectus: eye muscles, inferior oblique, and elevator palpebrae superioris (superior, medial, inferior)
  • controls pupil constriction
43
Q

CN IV

A

trochlear nerve

  • motor nerve
  • innervates superior oblique muscle which runs through trochlea
44
Q

CN V

A
  • trigeminal nerve
  • sensory & motor nerve
  • 3 branches: (V1, V2, V3) innervate sensory fibers to face
  • motor fibers to chewing muscles
45
Q

V1, V2, V3

A
  • V1: ophthalmic branch
  • V2: maxillary branch
  • V3: mandibular branch
46
Q

CN VI

A
  • abducens nerve
  • motor nerve
  • innervates lateral rectus muscles
  • abducts eye
47
Q

CN VII

A
  • facial nerve
  • sensory & motor nerve
  • sense of taste for anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • 5 branches control muscles of facial expression
48
Q

5 branches of facial nerve

A
  • temporal
  • zygomatic
  • buccal
  • mandibular
  • cervical
49
Q

CN VIII

A
  • vestibulocochlear nerve
  • sensory & minute motor
  • mostly sensory for hearing and equilibrium
  • 2 branches for balance and sound
50
Q

CN IX

A
  • glossopharyngeal nerve
  • sensory & motor
  • innervates posterior 1/3 of tongue for taste
  • tongue and pharynx muscles for swallowing
51
Q

CN X

A
  • vagus nerve
  • sensory & motor
  • visceral sensory info from pharynx, larynx, carotid bodies, heart, lungs, and most abdominal organs
  • muscles of pharynx and larynx
52
Q

CN XI

A
  • accessory nerve
  • motor nerve
  • innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
53
Q

CN XII

A
  • hypoglossal nerve
  • motor nerve
  • innervates intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles
  • in medially from vagus nerve
54
Q

spinal nerves

A
  • generally name in groups or plexuses after their vertebral location
  • plexuses are responsible for coordinated movement of a body region
55
Q

cervical plexus

A
  • on lateral sides of neck
  • innervates head, neck, and shoulders
  • phrenic nerve is important branch of it
56
Q

phrenic nerve

A
  • to innervate diaphragm
  • damage prevents you from breathing
  • travels down neck and through thoraces cavity to innervate diaphragm and allows you to breathe
57
Q

brachial plexus

A
  • innervates upper limbs
  • extends laterally below cervical plexus, under clavicle, through axillary region and down the arm
  • important branches: lateral radial nerve, medial ulnar nerve, central median nerve
  • damage to median nerve causes carpal tunnel
58
Q

lumbar plexus

A
  • innervates lower limbs
  • extends laterally from lumbar vertebrae, over and through os coxae, and down anterior surface of leg
  • important branch is femoral nerve
59
Q

femoral nerve

A
  • control anterior thigh muscles
60
Q

sacral plexus

A
  • innervates buttocks, genitals, posterior thigh, leg, and foot
  • emerges form sacral foramen and runs down posterior length of leg
  • important branch is sciatic nerve
61
Q

sciatic nerve

A
  • largest nerve in body

- controls part of the thigh, leg, and foot

Anatomy Midterm #2 (8 decks)

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