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Anatomy Midterm #2 > Nervous I > Flashcards

Nervous I Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system

A
  • master control and communication system
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2
Q

divisions of nervous

A
  • central nervous system
  • peripheral nervous system
  • communicate back and forth
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3
Q

how cells in nervous system communicate

A
  • electrical and chemical signals
  • chemical messengers cause change in electric charge
  • rapid, specific, and targeted
  • immediate response
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4
Q

nervous system functions

A
  • excitability (respond to stimulation)
  • conductivity
  • secretion
  • longevity
  • amitotic (cannot replicate by mitosis)
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5
Q

2 cells types of nervous system

A
  • neurons

- neuroglia

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6
Q

neurons

A
  • large
  • impulse propagation
  • produce and conduct electrical charge
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7
Q

neuroglia

A
  • small
  • supporting cells
  • can undergo mitosis
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8
Q

CNS glial cell

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
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9
Q

astrocytes

A
  • form blood-brain barrier by covering blood capillaries with perivascular feet
  • can get small molecules into brain by spaces between feet
  • metabolize neurotransmitters
  • regulates potassium balance
  • structural support
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10
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • most common
  • large with slender extensions
  • forms myelin sheath
  • myelin helps insulate axons for faster impulse
  • comparable to Schwann cells
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11
Q

microglia

A
  • small and near blood vessels
  • specific type of neuroglia
  • phagocytic role (clears dead cells)
  • from cells that give rise to macrophages and monocytes
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12
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • form epithelial membrane of brain & spinal cord

- produces CSF in choroid plexus

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13
Q

cells of PNS

A
  • satellite cells

- Schwann cells

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14
Q

satellite cells

A
  • small, flat
  • surround neuronal soma
  • support PNS neurons
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15
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • encircle PNS axons with myelin sheath

- increase action potential

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16
Q

myelin

A
  • lipid & protein surrounding axon
  • produced by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes
  • myelinated axons appear white
  • jelly rolled around axon
  • electrical insulator
  • speeds up impulse
  • spaces between called Ranvier
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17
Q

myelination process

A

1) Schwann cells envelops axon
2) Schwann cells rotates around axon, wrapping it in plasma membrane loosely
3) tight membrane wrappings surrounding axon form myelin sheath
- charge skips from node to node

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18
Q

unmyelinated axons

A
  • slow, small diameter fibres
  • surrounded by glial cells but no myelin sheath wrappings
  • not fully myelinated
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19
Q

white matter

A
  • myelinated axons

- inner part of brain

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20
Q

grey matter

A
  • unmylinated axons, motor neuron, and interneuron cel bodies
  • outer part of brain(cortex)
  • forms internal clusters called cerebral nuclei
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21
Q

synapse

A
  • where neutron connects to another neuron or effector

- use chemical neurotransmitters to induce electrical charge in plasma membrane (depolarization)

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22
Q

parts of synapse

A
  • presynaptic neuron
  • synaptic cleft
  • postsynaptic neuron
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23
Q

presynaptic neuron

A
  • neuron axon going into next neuron
  • synaptic end bulb
  • synaptic vesicles
  • presynaptic membrane
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24
Q

synaptic cleft

A
  • space where signal has to cross

- gap in synapse

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25
postsynaptic neuron
- postsynaptic membrane - neurotransmitter receptor sites - receptors are different for different neurotransmitters - only reaction if receptor and neurotransmitter match
26
classification of neurons
classify by shape and function - multipolar - bipolar - unipolar (pseudounipolar)
27
multipolar functional classification
- most abundant - conduct impulse in CNS - sensory or motor
28
multipolar structural classification
- dendrites and one axon extend from cell body
29
bipolar functional classification
- sensory neurone in sense organs
30
bipolar structural classification
- 2 processes extend from cell body | - one fused dendrite one is axon
31
unipolar functional classification
- mostly sensory - conduct impulses to CNS - primary of first-order sensory neurons - skin sensors
32
unipolar structural classification
- 1 process extends form cell body and form central and peripheral processes - work together to form an axon - cell body off to side
33
nervous tissue
- controls and integrate all body activities | - works with endocrine system
34
3 functions of nervous tissue
1) sensory 2) integration 3) motor
35
sensory function of nervous tissue
- sensing changes in sensory receptors | - always afferent
36
integration function or nervous tissue
- interpreting and remembering changes | - always efferent
37
motor function of nervous tissue
- reacting to changed with effectors | - muscle contractions or glandular secretions
38
classification of nerves
- afferent/efferent and somatic/autonomic - classified by direction of impulse - mixed nerves - sensory neves - motor nerves
39
mixed nerves
- sensory and motor - impulses to and from CNS - afferent and efferent
40
sensory nerves
- afferent - bring impulse towards CNS - sight sound, smell, taste, touch
41
motor nerves
- efferent - bring impulses away from CNS to targeted organ - muscle, gland etc.
42
sensory neurons
- afferent - sensory nervous system - conduct input from somatic and visceral receptors - most unipolar, some bipolar - cells bodies in posterior roots ganglia, outside CNS
43
interneurons
- associated - in CNS - receive stimulation form other neurons - receive, process, and store info - decide how body responds to stimuli - facilitate/communicate between sensory and motor - 99% of neurons - multipolar
44
motor neurons
- efferent - mortar nervous system - conduct motor output to somatic and visceral effectors - multipolar - most cell bodies in CNS
45
nerve
- bundle of parallel axons - macroscopic - 3 connective tissue wrappings: epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium
46
epineurium
- dense irregular connective tissue - encloses entire nerve - support and protection
47
perineurium
- dense irregular connective tissue - wraps bundles of axons and fascicles - support blood vessels
48
endoneurium
- delicate areolar connective tissue - separates and electrically insulates each axon - has capillaries that supply axon - strong but loose
49
central nervous system
- brain and spinal cord - processing centre - control centre
50
peripheral nervous system
- cranial and spinal nerves with sensory and moron fibres - connects CNS to effectors (muscles, glands, sensory receptors) - connects sensory input to CNS
51
divisions of PNS
- sensory | - motor
52
sensory division of PNS
- afferent - somatic sensory fibres (impulses from skin, skeletal muscles and joints to CNS) - visceral sensory fibres (impulses from visceral organs to CNS)
53
motor division of PNS
- impulses from CNS to defector organs (muscles and glands) - somatic (voluntary) - autonomic (involuntary)
54
motor somatic division of PNS
- somatic motor fibres - motor efferent when you have control - impulse form CNS to skeletal muscles - voluntary
55
motor autonomic division of PNS
- visceral motor nerve fibres - regulates smooth/cardiac muscles and glands - involuntary - sympathetic (fight or flight, shut down anything essential) - parasympathetic (rest and digest, everything essential returns)
56
nerve function
- sensory - motor - some nerves have both
57
rostral
- towards nose
58
caudal
- toward tail
59
cranial meninges
- connective tissue layers - separate soft tissue from bone - enclose and protect blood vessels - allow blood flow - contains and circulates CFS allowing brain and spinal cord to float - form some veins - anchors bring to skull - 3 layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
60
dura mater
- strongest - 2 layers (periosteal and meningeal) - venous sinuses - septa
61
arachnoid mater
- CSF - choroid plexus - arachnoid villi
62
pia mater
- delicate - tight - vascular - directly attached to brain
63
cranial dural septa
- separate parts of brain for stabilization and support - fall cerebri - tentorium cerebelli - fall cerebelli - diaphragm selae
64
cerebrospinal fluid
- liquid cushion around CNS - prevent injury - allows brain to float (reduces weight by 97%) - produced in chorioid plexus I each ventricle - replaces ~150mL every 8 hours - always secreting new and getting rid of old
65
blood-brain barrier
- regulates what can enter interstitial fluids of brain - substances able to cross are glucose, oxygen, and small lipid-soluble molecules - blocks metabolic waste, proteins, toxins, other drugs, k+ - capillary endothelial cells and astrocyte perivascular feet contribute as gate keepers

Anatomy Midterm #2 (8 decks)

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