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Anatomy Midterm #2 > Nervous I > Flashcards

Nervous I Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system

A
  • master control and communication system
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2
Q

divisions of nervous

A
  • central nervous system
  • peripheral nervous system
  • communicate back and forth
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3
Q

how cells in nervous system communicate

A
  • electrical and chemical signals
  • chemical messengers cause change in electric charge
  • rapid, specific, and targeted
  • immediate response
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4
Q

nervous system functions

A
  • excitability (respond to stimulation)
  • conductivity
  • secretion
  • longevity
  • amitotic (cannot replicate by mitosis)
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5
Q

2 cells types of nervous system

A
  • neurons

- neuroglia

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6
Q

neurons

A
  • large
  • impulse propagation
  • produce and conduct electrical charge
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7
Q

neuroglia

A
  • small
  • supporting cells
  • can undergo mitosis
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8
Q

CNS glial cell

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
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9
Q

astrocytes

A
  • form blood-brain barrier by covering blood capillaries with perivascular feet
  • can get small molecules into brain by spaces between feet
  • metabolize neurotransmitters
  • regulates potassium balance
  • structural support
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10
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • most common
  • large with slender extensions
  • forms myelin sheath
  • myelin helps insulate axons for faster impulse
  • comparable to Schwann cells
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11
Q

microglia

A
  • small and near blood vessels
  • specific type of neuroglia
  • phagocytic role (clears dead cells)
  • from cells that give rise to macrophages and monocytes
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12
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • form epithelial membrane of brain & spinal cord

- produces CSF in choroid plexus

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13
Q

cells of PNS

A
  • satellite cells

- Schwann cells

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14
Q

satellite cells

A
  • small, flat
  • surround neuronal soma
  • support PNS neurons
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15
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • encircle PNS axons with myelin sheath

- increase action potential

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16
Q

myelin

A
  • lipid & protein surrounding axon
  • produced by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes
  • myelinated axons appear white
  • jelly rolled around axon
  • electrical insulator
  • speeds up impulse
  • spaces between called Ranvier
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17
Q

myelination process

A

1) Schwann cells envelops axon
2) Schwann cells rotates around axon, wrapping it in plasma membrane loosely
3) tight membrane wrappings surrounding axon form myelin sheath
- charge skips from node to node

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18
Q

unmyelinated axons

A
  • slow, small diameter fibres
  • surrounded by glial cells but no myelin sheath wrappings
  • not fully myelinated
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19
Q

white matter

A
  • myelinated axons

- inner part of brain

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20
Q

grey matter

A
  • unmylinated axons, motor neuron, and interneuron cel bodies
  • outer part of brain(cortex)
  • forms internal clusters called cerebral nuclei
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21
Q

synapse

A
  • where neutron connects to another neuron or effector

- use chemical neurotransmitters to induce electrical charge in plasma membrane (depolarization)

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22
Q

parts of synapse

A
  • presynaptic neuron
  • synaptic cleft
  • postsynaptic neuron
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23
Q

presynaptic neuron

A
  • neuron axon going into next neuron
  • synaptic end bulb
  • synaptic vesicles
  • presynaptic membrane
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24
Q

synaptic cleft

A
  • space where signal has to cross

- gap in synapse

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25
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A
  • postsynaptic membrane
  • neurotransmitter receptor sites
  • receptors are different for different neurotransmitters
  • only reaction if receptor and neurotransmitter match
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26
Q

classification of neurons

A

classify by shape and function

  • multipolar
  • bipolar
  • unipolar (pseudounipolar)
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27
Q

multipolar functional classification

A
  • most abundant
  • conduct impulse in CNS
  • sensory or motor
28
Q

multipolar structural classification

A
  • dendrites and one axon extend from cell body
29
Q

bipolar functional classification

A
  • sensory neurone in sense organs
30
Q

bipolar structural classification

A
  • 2 processes extend from cell body

- one fused dendrite one is axon

31
Q

unipolar functional classification

A
  • mostly sensory
  • conduct impulses to CNS
  • primary of first-order sensory neurons
  • skin sensors
32
Q

unipolar structural classification

A
  • 1 process extends form cell body and form central and peripheral processes
  • work together to form an axon
  • cell body off to side
33
Q

nervous tissue

A
  • controls and integrate all body activities

- works with endocrine system

34
Q

3 functions of nervous tissue

A

1) sensory
2) integration
3) motor

35
Q

sensory function of nervous tissue

A
  • sensing changes in sensory receptors

- always afferent

36
Q

integration function or nervous tissue

A
  • interpreting and remembering changes

- always efferent

37
Q

motor function of nervous tissue

A
  • reacting to changed with effectors

- muscle contractions or glandular secretions

38
Q

classification of nerves

A
  • afferent/efferent and somatic/autonomic
  • classified by direction of impulse
  • mixed nerves
  • sensory neves
  • motor nerves
39
Q

mixed nerves

A
  • sensory and motor
  • impulses to and from CNS
  • afferent and efferent
40
Q

sensory nerves

A
  • afferent
  • bring impulse towards CNS
  • sight sound, smell, taste, touch
41
Q

motor nerves

A
  • efferent
  • bring impulses away from CNS to targeted organ
  • muscle, gland etc.
42
Q

sensory neurons

A
  • afferent
  • sensory nervous system
  • conduct input from somatic and visceral receptors
  • most unipolar, some bipolar
  • cells bodies in posterior roots ganglia, outside CNS
43
Q

interneurons

A
  • associated
  • in CNS
  • receive stimulation form other neurons
  • receive, process, and store info
  • decide how body responds to stimuli
  • facilitate/communicate between sensory and motor
  • 99% of neurons
  • multipolar
44
Q

motor neurons

A
  • efferent
  • mortar nervous system
  • conduct motor output to somatic and visceral effectors
  • multipolar
  • most cell bodies in CNS
45
Q

nerve

A
  • bundle of parallel axons
  • macroscopic
  • 3 connective tissue wrappings: epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium
46
Q

epineurium

A
  • dense irregular connective tissue
  • encloses entire nerve
  • support and protection
47
Q

perineurium

A
  • dense irregular connective tissue
  • wraps bundles of axons and fascicles
  • support blood vessels
48
Q

endoneurium

A
  • delicate areolar connective tissue
  • separates and electrically insulates each axon
  • has capillaries that supply axon
  • strong but loose
49
Q

central nervous system

A
  • brain and spinal cord
  • processing centre
  • control centre
50
Q

peripheral nervous system

A
  • cranial and spinal nerves with sensory and moron fibres
  • connects CNS to effectors (muscles, glands, sensory receptors)
  • connects sensory input to CNS
51
Q

divisions of PNS

A
  • sensory

- motor

52
Q

sensory division of PNS

A
  • afferent
  • somatic sensory fibres (impulses from skin, skeletal muscles and joints to CNS)
  • visceral sensory fibres (impulses from visceral organs to CNS)
53
Q

motor division of PNS

A
  • impulses from CNS to defector organs (muscles and glands)
  • somatic (voluntary)
  • autonomic (involuntary)
54
Q

motor somatic division of PNS

A
  • somatic motor fibres
  • motor efferent when you have control
  • impulse form CNS to skeletal muscles
  • voluntary
55
Q

motor autonomic division of PNS

A
  • visceral motor nerve fibres
  • regulates smooth/cardiac muscles and glands
  • involuntary
  • sympathetic (fight or flight, shut down anything essential)
  • parasympathetic (rest and digest, everything essential returns)
56
Q

nerve function

A
  • sensory
  • motor
  • some nerves have both
57
Q

rostral

A
  • towards nose
58
Q

caudal

A
  • toward tail
59
Q

cranial meninges

A
  • connective tissue layers
  • separate soft tissue from bone
  • enclose and protect blood vessels
  • allow blood flow
  • contains and circulates CFS allowing brain and spinal cord to float
  • form some veins
  • anchors bring to skull
  • 3 layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
60
Q

dura mater

A
  • strongest
  • 2 layers (periosteal and meningeal)
  • venous sinuses
  • septa
61
Q

arachnoid mater

A
  • CSF
  • choroid plexus
  • arachnoid villi
62
Q

pia mater

A
  • delicate
  • tight
  • vascular
  • directly attached to brain
63
Q

cranial dural septa

A
  • separate parts of brain for stabilization and support
  • fall cerebri
  • tentorium cerebelli
  • fall cerebelli
  • diaphragm selae
64
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • liquid cushion around CNS
  • prevent injury
  • allows brain to float (reduces weight by 97%)
  • produced in chorioid plexus I each ventricle
  • replaces ~150mL every 8 hours
  • always secreting new and getting rid of old
65
Q

blood-brain barrier

A
  • regulates what can enter interstitial fluids of brain
  • substances able to cross are glucose, oxygen, and small lipid-soluble molecules
  • blocks metabolic waste, proteins, toxins, other drugs, k+
  • capillary endothelial cells and astrocyte perivascular feet contribute as gate keepers

Anatomy Midterm #2 (8 decks)

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