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Anatomy Midterm #2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

blood

A
  • fluid connective tissues
  • regenerated continuously
  • losing too much can be fatal
  • transportation of gases, nutrients, and hormones
  • ever changing composition
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2
Q

functions of blood

A
  • transportation: O2, CO2, metabolic waste, nutrients, and hormones
  • regulation of body temperature: vasodilation of surface vessels dump heat
  • protection from disease and infection: contains cells of the immune defence system
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3
Q

physical characteristics of blood

A
  • 4-5x thicker (more viscous) than water
  • slightly sticky
  • temp of 37-38 degrees Celsius
  • pH 7.4, slightly alkaline
  • ~8% of total body weight
  • blood volume approx 5L in adults to maintain blood pressure
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4
Q

colour of blood

A
  • depends of oxygenation status
  • oxygen rich= bright red
  • oxygen poor= dark red
  • appears blue in veins due to how light in reflected back into eyes
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5
Q

components of blood

A
  • plasma and cells
  • 55% plasma
  • 45% cells: 99% RBC, <1% WBC and platelets
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6
Q

blood plasma proteins

A
  • 7% plasma proteins: created in liver, confined to bloodstream
    1) albumins
    2) globulins
    3) fibrinogen
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7
Q

albumins

A
  • smallest and most abundant
  • 58% of total proteins
  • exerts great colloid osmotic pressure to help maintain blood volume and pressure
  • act as transport proteins
  • carry ions, hormones, and some lipids
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8
Q

globulins

A
  • second largest group
  • 37% of total proteins
  • smaller alpha-globulins and larger beta-globulins transport some water insoluble molecules, hormones, metals, ions
  • gamma-globulin (immunoglobulins antibodies) play a part in body defence
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9
Q

fibrinogen

A
  • 4% of total proteins
  • contributes to blood clot formation
  • soluble fibrinogen is biochemically converted to insoluble fibrin strands
  • plasma with clotting proteins removed is called serum
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10
Q

zymogen

A
  • inactive precursor form of a chemical that has to become activates by another chemical
  • tend to end in “-ogen”
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11
Q

blood plasma

A
  • over 90% water
  • 7% plasma proteins
  • 2% other substances
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12
Q

blood plasma other substances

A
  • electrolytes
  • nutrients
  • hormones
  • vitamins
  • gases
  • waste products
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13
Q

formed elements of blood

A
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells: granular and granular leukocytes
  • platelets: thrombocytes, special cell fragments
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14
Q

erythrocytes normal count

A
  • 5 million/mm3

- new RBCs enter circulation at 2 million/second from red bone marrow

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15
Q

erythrocytes biconcave disk

A
  • increased surface area/volume ratio
  • flexible shape for narrow passages
  • no nucleus or other organelles
  • cannot be repaired
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16
Q

erythrocytes life span

A
  • last ~120 days
  • wear out from bending to fit through capillaries
  • cannot be repaired due to lack of organelles
  • worn out cells removed by macrophages in spleen and liver
  • breakdown products are recycled
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17
Q

erythrolysis

A
  • destruction of old, damaged, worn out blood cells

- happens in liver and spleen

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18
Q

erythrocytes

A
  • contain oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin that gives blood red colour
  • 1/3 of cells weight is hemoglobin
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19
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • globing protein consisting of 4 polypeptide chains
  • one heme attached to each polypeptide chain
  • each heme contains and iron ion that can combine reversibly with one oxygen molecule
  • helps pick up oxygen and carbon dioxide waste
  • Hb + oxygen= oxyhemoglobin
  • Hb - oxygen= deoxyhemoglobin
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20
Q

transport of O2 and CO2

A
  • each hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecules from lungs to tissue cells
  • hemoglobin transport 23% of total CO2 waste from tissue cells to lungs for release
  • combines with amino acid in globing portion of Hb
  • CO2 also travels dissolved in blood plasma
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21
Q

erythrocyte destruction

A
  • unable to synthesize proteins and cannot repair itself due to lack of nuclei and organelles
  • max life span of 120 days
  • old erythrocytes phagocytize in spleen or live rmacrophages
  • globing protein, iron ion, heme group all need to be disposed of
22
Q

erythrocyte destruction: globing proteins and erythrocyte membrane proteins

A
  • broken down into free amino acids

- used by body for protein synthesis

23
Q

erythrocyte destruction: iron component in hemoglobin

A
  • transported by globulin protein transferrin
  • transported to liver
  • bound to storage proteins ferritin and hemosiderin
  • ferritin is primary storage mechanism
  • stored mainly in liver and spleen
  • transported to red bone marrow as needed for erythrocyte production
24
Q

erythrocyte destruction: heme group

A
  • converted within macrophages into green pigment biliverdin
  • sententially converted into yellow pigment bilirubin
  • then transported bu albumin to liver
  • component of digestive secretion, bile
  • produced by liver and released into small intestine
25
Q

erythrocyte destruction: stercobilin and urobilin

A
  • bilirubin converted to urobilinogen in small intestine
  • may continue through large intestine
  • converted by intestinal bacterio to stercobilin
  • brown pigment expelled from body in feces
  • may be absorbed back into blood
  • converted to urobilin
  • yellow pigment excreted by kidneys
26
Q

A blood

A
  • anti-B antibodies in plasma
  • A antigen in RBC
  • A and O compatible in emergency
  • has agglutinogen A
27
Q

B blood

A
  • anti-A antibodies in plasma
  • B antigen in RBC
  • B and O compatible in emergency
  • has agglutinogen B
28
Q

AB blood

A
  • no antibodies in plasma
  • A and B antigens in RBC
  • A, B, AB, and O compatible in emergency
  • universal recipient
  • has agglutinogens A and B
29
Q

O blood

A
  • anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma
  • no antigens in RBC
  • O compatible in emergency
  • universal donor
  • no agglutinogens
30
Q

Rh blood factor

A
  • when present Rh positive, when absent Rh negative
  • antibodies to Rh factor are not automatically present
  • appear when Rh- person exposed to Rh+ blood
  • RhoGram prevents Rh- mother from making anti-D
31
Q

leukocytes characteristics

A
  • mostly found in body tissues
  • enter tissues from blood vessels
  • diapedesis and chemotaxis
  • help defend body against pathogens
  • contain nucleus and cellular organelles
  • don’t contain hemoglobin
  • motile and flexible
  • strictly for immune defence
32
Q

diapedesis

A
  • squeezing through endothelial cells of blood vessels

- has to change shapes

33
Q

chemotaxis

A
  • need diapedesis
  • attraction of leukocytes to infection site
  • molecules released from damaged cells or pathogens
34
Q

WBC anatomy

A
  • a nucleus and no hemoglobin
35
Q

WBC types

A
  • granular: neutrophils, eosinophils, or basophils

- agranular: monocytes or lymphocytes

36
Q

eosin and basophilic stain

A
  • eosin= red

- basophilic= blue

37
Q

neutrophil

A
  • 50-70%
  • polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)
  • nuclei: 2-5 lobes connected by thing strands
  • faint granules filled with digestive enzymes
  • enters tissue spaces to phagocytize pathogens
  • puss I collection of dead neutrophils
38
Q

eosinophils

A
  • 1-4%
  • nucleus: 2 lobes connected by thin strand
  • large, uniform sized granules stain orange-red with acidic dyes
  • granules contain enzymes that end allergic reactions (antigen-antibody complexes)
  • active in fighting parasitic worm infections (# will be high with parasite)
39
Q

basophil

A
  • large, dark purple, variable size granules
  • nuclei: irregular, multi-lobed
    2 chemicals in granules: histamine and heparin
40
Q

histamine

A
  • increases blood vessel diameter and permeability

- causing itching, swollen and runny nasal passages, watery eyes (allergies)

41
Q

heparin

A
  • prevents blood clotting
  • powerful anti-coagulant
  • keeps blood thin and moving
42
Q

lymphocytes

A
  • 20-40%
  • dark, oval to round nucleus, no granules, small
  • huge nucleus and thin halo of cytoplasm
  • reside in lymphatic tissues (thymus, lymph glands, tonsils spleen, etc.)
  • T cells manage immune response
  • B cells become plasma cells and secrete antibodies
  • NK cells attack abnormal and infected tissue cells
43
Q

monocytes

A
  • 2-8%
  • nucleus is shaped like a c or kidney bean
  • huge
  • can undergo diopedesis
  • largest WBC in circulating blood
  • take up residence in tissues
  • transforms into large phagocytic cells, macrophages
  • phagocytize bacteria, viruses, debris
44
Q

emigration in WBCs

A
  • WBCs roll along endothelium, stick to it, and squeeze between cells
  • adhesion molecules (selections) near injury site help WBCs stick to endothelium
  • molecules (integrals) found on neutrophils assist in movement through wall
45
Q

phagocytosis in WBCs

A
  • neutrophils and macrophages will phagocytize bacteria and debris
  • chemotaxis of both
  • attracted to kinins from injury site and toxins
46
Q

platelets

A
  • thrombocyte
  • membrane-sound cell fragment with no nucleus
  • important fro blood clotting
  • formed from large cells called megakaryocytes
  • circulate for 8-10 days, turning over
  • 30% stored in spleen
47
Q

hemostasis

A
  • blood clotting
  • stops blood escape through injured vessel wall
  • 3 overlapping phases: vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, clot formation
48
Q

sympathetic NS response to hemostasis

A

at 10% loss

  • sympathetic response initiated
  • increased vasoconstriction heart rate increases, increased force of heart contraction
  • blood redistributed to heart and brain
  • effective in maintaining blood pressure until 40% lost
  • at 40% medical intervention necessary
49
Q

natural method of blood doping

A
  • self donation of erythroytes
  • blood removes prior to competition
  • increases EPO production by kidneys
  • erythrocytes transfused back prior to competition
50
Q

chemical blood doping

A
  • pharmaceutical EPO
  • increases blood viscosity
  • heart required to work harder
  • can cause permanent cardiovascular damage

Anatomy Midterm #2 (8 decks)

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