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Anatomy Midterm #2 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system

A
  • work with nervous to achieve homeostasis
  • hormones released into bloodstream from ductless glands and travel throughout body
  • results may take hours but last longer
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2
Q

hormone receptors

A
  • hormone only affect target cells with specific membrane proteins called receptors
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3
Q

control of hormone secretion

A
  • regulated by a self-adjusting mechanism called feedback loop
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4
Q

2 types of feedback loop

A

1) negative feedback loop

2) positive feedback loop

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5
Q

negative feedback loop

A
  • stimulus starts process like an elevation in blood glucose
  • hormone secreted in response is insulin
  • insulin brings about a decrease in blood glucose
  • end result is to negate the effects of stimulus
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6
Q

positive feedback loop

A
  • only breastfeeding and childbirth
  • stimulus doesn’t produce an opposite and counteracting effect
  • stimulus accelerates the process until stimulus is removes
  • then process halts
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7
Q

major endocrine organs

A
  • pineal gland
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid gland
  • thymus
  • adrenal gland
  • pancreas
  • ovary/testis
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8
Q

hypothalamic control of endocrine system

A
  • its the interface between nervous and endocrine system and the master gland of endocrine system
  • controls and oversees most endocrine functions
  • located in inferior region of diencephalon superior to pituitary gland
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9
Q

mechanisms of hypothalamic control

A

controls most endocrine activity in 3 ways

1) controls release of 6 regulatory hormones from anterior pituitary gland
2) secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone from posterior pituitary gland
3) controls stimulation and secretion activities of adrenal medulla

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10
Q

pituitary gland

A
  • hypophysis
  • inferior to hypothalamus
  • within sella turcica of sphenoid bones
  • connected to hypothalamus by thin stalk called infundibulum
  • anterior and posterior lobes
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11
Q

anterior/posterior pituitary gland

A
  • anterior: pars tubercles, pars intermedia, pars distils

posterior: infundibular stalk, pars nervosa

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12
Q

hormones of anterior pituitary

A
  • growth hormone (GH) (somatotropin)
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • prolactin (PRL)
  • adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
  • thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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13
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A
  • produced by somatotropin cells
  • target cells are liver, skeletal muscle, cartilage, and bone
  • increase cell growth and division by increasing their uptake of amino acids and synthesis of proteins
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14
Q

hypo/hyper secretion of GH

A
  • hyposecretion= dwarfism

- hypersecretion= gigantism

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15
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • released by gonadotrophs
  • initiates formation of follicles in ovary
  • stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogen
  • stimulates sperm production in testes
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16
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • produced by gonadotrophs
  • in females it stimulates the secretion of estrogen and progesterone and triggers ovulation
  • in males it stimulates the secretion of testosterone
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17
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A
  • produced by lactotrophs
  • causes milk production
  • function in males unknown
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18
Q

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

A
  • secreted by corticotrophs

- stimulates cells of adrenal cortex that produce glucocorticoids

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19
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A
  • secreted by thyrotrophs
  • acts on thyroid
  • stimulates production of T3 and T4 thyroid hormones that regulates metabolism of most body tissues
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20
Q

posterior pituitary

A
  • has axon terminals of hypothalamic neurons
  • release 2 neurotransmitters that enter capillaries:
    1) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
    2) oxytocin (OT)
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21
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A
  • respond to low blood pressure
  • decrease urine production and sweating
  • increase BP and thirst
22
Q

oxytocin (OT)

A
  • 2 target tissues involved in neuroendocrine reflexes
  • during delivery
  • after delivery
23
Q

oxytocin during delivery

A
  • babes head stretches cervix
  • hormone release enhances uterine muscle contraction
  • baby and placenta delivered
24
Q

oxytocin after delivery

A
  • suckling and hearing babes cry stimulates milk release

- hormone causes muscle contraction and milk ejection

25
Q

thyroid gland

A
  • largest gland entirely devoted to endocrine activities
  • just inferior to thyroid cartilage and anterior to trachea
  • butterfly shape with right and left lobes connected by midline isthmus
26
Q

follicular cells of thyroid gland

A
  • they surround follicle filled with precursor substance (thyroglobin and thyroid protein)
  • active form is thyroid hormone
    T3 or T4
  • bound to iodine
27
Q

thyroid hormones

A
  • T3: triiodothyronine hormone
  • T4: thyroxine hormone
  • calcitonin
28
Q

T3 and T4

A
  • regulate oxygen use and metabolic rate
  • cellular metabolism of almost all cells
  • growth and development (mostly of skeletal and nervous tissue)
29
Q

calcitonin

A
  • regulates Ca and P metabolism

- bone maintenance

30
Q

parathyroid glands

A
  • small glans embedded on posterior surface of thyroid gland
  • usually 4
  • parathyroid cells secrete parathyroid hormone that helps regulate serum calcium
31
Q

parathyroid hormone

A
  • opposite function of calcitonin
  • raises blood calcium levels
  • increase activity of osteoclasts
  • increase reabsorption of Ca+2 by kidney
  • promote formation of calcitriol by kidney and liver which increases absorption of Ca+2 by intestinal tract
32
Q

adrenal glands

A
  • paired glands anchored on superior border of kidneys

- divided into outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla

33
Q

adrenal cortex

A
  • 3 layers
    1) zona glomerulosa
    2) zona fasciculata
    3) zona reticularis
34
Q

zona glomerulosa

A
  • mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) secrete in response to low blood pressure
  • signals kidneys to board more Na and water
35
Q

zona fasciculata

A
  • glucocorticoids (cortisol) secreted in response to stress
  • raises blood sugar levels
  • also used as anti-inflammatory agent
  • prolonged high cortisol levels affects your immune system poorly
36
Q

zona reticularis

A
  • produce estrogen and testosterone related hormones
37
Q

adrenal medulla

A
  • chromaffin cells receive direct innervation from sympathetic nervous system
  • produce catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • hormones are sympathomimetic: effects mimic those of sympathetic NS, cause fight or flight behaviour
38
Q

pancreas

A
  • 15 cm
  • upper left abdomen
  • posterior to stomach
  • has hormones and digestive (exocrine) functions
  • has ducts leading into lumen of small intestine
39
Q

cells of pancreas

A
  • 98-99% are pancreatic acini that produce alkaline pancreatic secretions into ducts
  • 1-2% are small clusters of endocrine cells called pancreatic islets
  • hormones of islet cells closely regulate the level of blood glucose
40
Q

anatomy of pancreas

A
  • has head, tail and body
  • cells in acini produce digestive enzymes
  • endocrine cells in pancreatic islets produce hormones
41
Q

cells types in pancreas islets of langerhans

A
  • alpha cells
  • beta cells
  • delta cells
  • F cells
42
Q

alpha cells

A
  • 20%
  • produce glucagon
  • increase blood sugar
43
Q

beta cells

A
  • 70%
  • produce insulin
  • decrease blood sugar
44
Q

delta cells

A
  • 5%
  • produce somatostatin
  • reduces and regulates secretions of Alpha and beta cells
45
Q

F cell

A
  • produce pancreatic polypeptides

- inhibit activity of exocrine and digestive part of pancreas

46
Q

ovaries

A
  • estrogen, progesteron, relaxin, and inhibin
  • regulate reproductive cycle
  • maintain pregnancy
  • prepare mammary glands for lactation
47
Q

testes

A
  • interstitial cells produce testosterone (histercticial cells)
  • regulate sperm production
  • secondary sexual characteristics (taller, Adams apple, bigger hands…)
48
Q

pineal gland

A
  • secretes melatonin
  • in posterior region of epithalimus
  • secretion of melatonin depends on light
  • in presence of norepinephrine (in light) pineal gland is shut off
49
Q

melatonin

A
  • involved in maintaining 24 hours circadian cycle

- maintaining sexual maturation

50
Q

effects of light on pineal gland

A
  • melatonin secretion producing sleepiness occurs during darkness sue to lack of stimulation form sympathetic ganglion which inhibit melatonin release
51
Q

seasonal affective disorder and jet lag

A
  • depression that occurs during winter months when day is short
  • due to overproduction of melatonin
  • making too much melatonin or making it at the wrong time
  • therapy: exposure to several hours of artificial light, speeds recovery from jet lag

Anatomy Midterm #2 (8 decks)

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