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Nervous System > Special Senses Anatomy > Flashcards

Special Senses Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main foramina into the orbit?

A

Optic foramen, superior orbital fissure and inferior orbital fissure

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2
Q

What structures go through the optic foramen

A

Optic nerve and ophthalmic artery

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3
Q

What structures go through the superior orbital fissure?

A

Cranial Nerves III, IV and VI, branches of ophthalmic division of Cr N 5 and ophthalmic veins

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4
Q

What structure goes through the inferior orbital fissure?

A

Maxillary division of cranial nerve V

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5
Q

What does the optic nerve carry?

A

Visual impulses

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6
Q

Where does the troachlear nerve arise?

A

Dorsal part of the midbrain

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7
Q

What does the trochlear nerve supply?

A

Superior oblique

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8
Q

What does the abducent nerve supply?

A

Lateral rectus

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9
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve supply?

A

The muscles of the eye and eyelid (except SO and LR) and carries the parasympathetic supply to the eye

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10
Q

Which sinuses are closely related to the orbit?

A

Frontal, ethmoidal and maxillary

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11
Q

What structures make up the fibrous coat of the eye?

A

Cornea (anterior 1/6) and Sclera (posterior 5/6)

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12
Q

What is the function of the ciliary body?

A

Suspends the lens and produces aqueous humor

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13
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

To control the diameter of the pupil and therefore control the amount of light rays entering the eyeball

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14
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

It has rods and cones which transform the light rays into nerve impulses

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15
Q

What is the function of the choroid?

A

Supplying blood to the outer layers of retina

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16
Q

What is the function of the aqueous humor?

A

To maintain intraocular pressure

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17
Q

What is the function of the vitreous humor?

A

To cushion the retina

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18
Q

What are the three intrinsic eye muscles?

A

Ciliaris, constrictor pupillae and dilator pupillae

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19
Q

What is the innervation of the intrinsic eye muscles?

A

Ciliaris and constrictor pupillae - parasympathetic (CrN 3)

Dilator pupillae - sympathetic (from plexus around the blood vessels

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20
Q

What are the four straight extrinsic muscles of the eye?

A

Medial, lateral, superior and inferior rectus

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21
Q

What are the two oblique extrinsic muscles?

A

Superior and inferior oblique`

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22
Q

Where do the recti muscles arise from?

A

Annular fibrous ring at the apex of the orbit

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23
Q

Where does the superior rectus arise from?

A

Roof of the orbit posteriorly

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24
Q

Where does the inferior oblique arise from?

A

Floor of the orbit anteriorly

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25
Q

What is the innervation of the extrinsic muscles?

A

SO - Trochlear (4)
LR - Abducent (6)
Everything else - Oculomotor (3)

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26
Q

What type of joint is found between the ossicles?

A

Synovial

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27
Q

What are the muscles found in the middle ear?

A

Tensor tympani and stapedius

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28
Q

Which part of the temporal bone houses the middle and inner ear?

A

Petrous part

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29
Q

Which cranial nerves go through the internal acoustic foramen?

A

CrN 7 (facial) and CrN 8 (vestibulocochlear)

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30
Q

What type of saliva is produced in the parotid gland?

A

Serous

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31
Q

What type of saliva is produced in the sublingual gland?

A

Mucous

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32
Q

What type of saliva is produced in the submandibular gland?

A

Mixed - serous and mucous

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33
Q

What type of epithelium is the filiform papillae?

A

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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34
Q

What type of epithelium is the fungiform papilla?

A

Non-keratinised epithelium

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35
Q

What are the main contents of the orbit?

A

Eyeballs, extrinsic ocular muscles, ligaments supporting the eye, optic nerve, branches of the ophthalmic artery, lacrimal apparatus and eyelids

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36
Q

What structures make up the outer fibrous layer of the eye

A

Sclera - 5/6

Cornea - 1/6

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37
Q

What structures make up the middle vascular layer of the eye?

A

Choroid, ciliary body and iris

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38
Q

What structure makes up the inner sensory layer?

A

Retina

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39
Q

What is the name of the fluid found in the anterior segment of the eye?

A

Aqueous humor

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40
Q

What is the name of the gel found in the posterior segment of the eye?

A

Vitreous humor

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41
Q

What part of the eye produces aqueous humor?

A

Ciliary epithelium

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42
Q

What is the action of the ciliaris muscle?

A

Accommodation

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43
Q

What is the innervation of the ciliaris muscle?

A

Parasympathetic via CrN III

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44
Q

What is the action of the constrictor pupillae?

A

Pupillary constriction

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45
Q

What is the innervation of the constrictor pupillae?

A

Parasympathetic via CrN III

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46
Q

What is the action of the dilator pupillae?

A

Dilates the pupil

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47
Q

What is the innervation of the dilator pupillae?

A

Sympathetic innervation

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48
Q

What is the action of the medial rectus?

A

Adduction

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49
Q

What is the action of the lateral rectus?

A

Abduction

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50
Q

What is the action of the superior rectus?

A

Elevation, adduction and intorsion

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51
Q

What is the action of the inferior rectus?

A

Depression, adduction and extorsion

52
Q

What is the action of the superior oblique?

A

Depression, abduction and intorsion

53
Q

What is the action of the inferior oblique?

A

Extorsion, elevation and abduction

54
Q

What is the only muscle that does not arise from the posterior of the orbit?

A

Inferior oblique

55
Q

Which ligaments that prevent over-adduction and over-abduction of the eye?

A

Medial and lateral check ligaments

56
Q

What is the function of the suspensory ligament of the eye?

A

Resisting the posterior pull on the eyeball produced by the rectus muscles

57
Q

Which branch of the internal carotid artery that supplies the orbit and the eye?

A

Opthalmic artery

58
Q

Which foramina in the orbit do the ophthalmic veins pass through?

A

Superior orbital fissure

59
Q

Are there lymphatics in the orbit?

A

No

60
Q

What type of joint is found between the ear ossicles?

A

Synovial

61
Q

Which ossicle is in contact with the tympanic membrane?

A

Malleus

62
Q

Which ossicle is in contact with the oval window?

A

Stapes

63
Q

Name the two muscles related to the ossicles

A

Tensor tympani and stapedius

64
Q

What is the action of the tensor tympani muscle?

A

Dampening loud sounds e.g. chewing, shouting etc.

65
Q

What is the action of the stapedius muscle?

A

Stabilising the stapes bone and dampening loud sounds

66
Q

Name two areas with which the cavity of the middle ear communicates?

A

Nasopharynx via the Eustachian tube and mastoid air cells

67
Q

Which part of the temporal bone do the middle and inner ear lie?

A

Petrous

68
Q

What is the fluid that lies within the bony labyrinth?

A

Perilymph

69
Q

What is the fluid that lies within the membranous labyrinth?

A

Endolymph

70
Q

What is the function of the cochlea?

A

Producing nerve impulses from sound waves (hearing)

71
Q

What is the function of the semicircular canals?

A

Balance (part of the vestibular system)

72
Q

Through which foramen does the facial nerve exit the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

73
Q

Which nerve exits the stylomastoid foramen alongside the facial nerve?

A

Vestibulocochlear

74
Q

What nerve does the facial nerve give off in the middle ear?

A

Chorda tympani

75
Q

What fibres does the chorda tympani carry and where are they destined for?

A

Parasympathetic - submandibular and sublingual glands

Sensory fibres - taste from anterior 2/3 of the tongue

76
Q

Where are the deep cervical lymph nodes located?

A

Around the internal jugular vein and within the carotid sheath from the base of the skull to the thoracic inlet

77
Q

Where do the parotids nodes drain lymph from?

A

Scalp around the parotid gand, lateral parts of the eyelids and the middle ear

78
Q

Where do the buccal nodes drain lymph from?

A

Cheek region

79
Q

Where do the submental nodes drain lymph from?

A

Anterior tongue tip, central part of the floor of the mouth and chin

80
Q

Where do the submandibular nodes drain lymph from?

A

Front of scalp, nose, lipa, air sinuses - ethmoidal, frontal and maxillary, teeth, gums, anterior tongue, floor of the mouth and efferent lymphatics from the submental nodes

81
Q

Where do the mastoid nodes drain lymph from?

A

Middle region of the scalp and external auditory meatus

82
Q

Where do the occipital nodes drain lymph from?

A

Back of the scalp

83
Q

Where do the anterior cervical nodes drain lymph from?

A

Superficial structures of the anterior neck

84
Q

Where do the superficial cervical nodes drain lymph from?

A

Parotid nodes, angle of the mandible and junction between the neck, face and scalp

85
Q

Where do the retropharyngeal nodes drain lymph from?

A

Nasopharynx, auditory tube and the upper cervical vertebral column

86
Q

Where do the laryngeal nodes drain lymph from?

A

Larynx and adjacent

87
Q

Where do the tracheal nodes drain lymph from?

A

Trachea and thyroid gland

88
Q

Which bones form the posterior boundary of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Mostly sphenoid but also frontal and a very small part of the parietal bone

89
Q

Which bone forms the anterior boundary of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Sphenoid

90
Q

Which bones form the floor of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Sphenoid and temporal bones

91
Q

Which bone forms the posterior border of the middle cranial fossa?

A

Temporal

92
Q

Which bones form the pterion?

A

Frontal, temporal, parietal and sphenoid

93
Q

Which bone forms the anterior border of the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Temporal

94
Q

Which bone forms the posterior border of the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Occipital

95
Q

What structures pass through the small foramina of the skull?

A

Small emissary veins and arteries

96
Q

What nerve passes through the foramina of the cribriform plate?

A

Olfactory nerve

97
Q

What structures pass through the optic foramen?

A

Optic nerves and ophthalmic arteries

98
Q

What structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A

Oculomotor, trochlear, ophthalmic (CrN 5 V1) and abducens

99
Q

What nerve passes through foramen rotundum?

A

CrN V2

100
Q

What nerve passes through foramen ovale?

A

CrN V3

101
Q

What structure passes through foramen spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery

102
Q

What does foramen lacerum contain?

A

Cartilage

103
Q

What vessel does the carotid canal contain?

A

ICA

104
Q

What nerves pass through the internal acoustic foramen?

A

Facial and vestibulocochlear

105
Q

What structures pass through the jugular foramen?

A

Glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and internal jugular vein

106
Q

What nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

107
Q

What structures pass through the foramen magnum?

A

Medulla, meninges and vertebral arteries

108
Q

Into which foramen does the groove for the sigmoid sinus lead?

A

Jugular foramen

109
Q

What is the sella turcica?

A

A deep depression in the middle of the cranial fossa which houses the pituitary gland

110
Q

In which bone is the sella turcica found?

A

Sphenoid bone

111
Q

Which processes give attachment to the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Anterior and posterior clinoid processes

112
Q

Which foramen lies immediately anterior to the groove for the cavernous sinus?

A

Superior orbital fissure

113
Q

What muscle attaches to the medial pterygoid plate?

A

Constrictor pharyngeus superior

114
Q

What muscles attach to the lateral pterygoid plate?

A

Medial and lateral pterygoid muscles

115
Q

What are the advantages of neonates having a reasonably flexible skull?

A

Allows for passage through the birth canal, brain growth and in the event of accidents/falls it allows for swelling of the brain

116
Q

What type of ossification occurs in the vault of the skull?

A

Intramembranous

117
Q

What type of ossification occurs in the irregular bones of the base of the skull?

A

Endochondral

118
Q

At what age does the anterior fontanelle fuse?

A

9-18 months

119
Q

At what age does the posterior fontanelle fuse?

A

1-2 months

120
Q

What type of epithelium lines the dorsal surface of the tongue?

A

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

121
Q

What type of muscle fibres underlie the epithelium of the tongue?

A

Skeletal muscle

122
Q

What is the function of a myoepithelial cell?

A

Controls secretions of exocrine glands

123
Q

What type of secretion is secreted from the parotid gland?

A

Serous

124
Q

What type of secretion is secreted by the submandibular gland?

A

Serous and mucous

125
Q

What type of secretion is secreted by the sublingual gland?

A

Mucous

Nervous System (16 decks)

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