Special Senses Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 main foramina into the orbit?
A
Optic foramen, superior orbital fissure and inferior orbital fissure
2
Q
What structures go through the optic foramen
A
Optic nerve and ophthalmic artery
3
Q
What structures go through the superior orbital fissure?
A
Cranial Nerves III, IV and VI, branches of ophthalmic division of Cr N 5 and ophthalmic veins
4
Q
What structure goes through the inferior orbital fissure?
A
Maxillary division of cranial nerve V
5
Q
What does the optic nerve carry?
A
Visual impulses
6
Q
Where does the troachlear nerve arise?
A
Dorsal part of the midbrain
7
Q
What does the trochlear nerve supply?
A
Superior oblique
8
Q
What does the abducent nerve supply?
A
Lateral rectus
9
Q
What does the oculomotor nerve supply?
A
The muscles of the eye and eyelid (except SO and LR) and carries the parasympathetic supply to the eye
10
Q
Which sinuses are closely related to the orbit?
A
Frontal, ethmoidal and maxillary
11
Q
What structures make up the fibrous coat of the eye?
A
Cornea (anterior 1/6) and Sclera (posterior 5/6)
12
Q
What is the function of the ciliary body?
A
Suspends the lens and produces aqueous humor
13
Q
What is the function of the iris?
A
To control the diameter of the pupil and therefore control the amount of light rays entering the eyeball
14
Q
What is the function of the retina?
A
It has rods and cones which transform the light rays into nerve impulses
15
Q
What is the function of the choroid?
A
Supplying blood to the outer layers of retina
16
Q
What is the function of the aqueous humor?
A
To maintain intraocular pressure
17
Q
What is the function of the vitreous humor?
A
To cushion the retina
18
Q
What are the three intrinsic eye muscles?
A
Ciliaris, constrictor pupillae and dilator pupillae
19
Q
What is the innervation of the intrinsic eye muscles?
A
Ciliaris and constrictor pupillae - parasympathetic (CrN 3)
Dilator pupillae - sympathetic (from plexus around the blood vessels
20
Q
What are the four straight extrinsic muscles of the eye?
A
Medial, lateral, superior and inferior rectus
21
Q
What are the two oblique extrinsic muscles?
A
Superior and inferior oblique`
22
Q
Where do the recti muscles arise from?
A
Annular fibrous ring at the apex of the orbit
23
Q
Where does the superior rectus arise from?
A
Roof of the orbit posteriorly
24
Q
Where does the inferior oblique arise from?
A
Floor of the orbit anteriorly
25
What is the innervation of the extrinsic muscles?
SO - Trochlear (4)
LR - Abducent (6)
Everything else - Oculomotor (3)
26
What type of joint is found between the ossicles?
Synovial
27
What are the muscles found in the middle ear?
Tensor tympani and stapedius
28
Which part of the temporal bone houses the middle and inner ear?
Petrous part
29
Which cranial nerves go through the internal acoustic foramen?
CrN 7 (facial) and CrN 8 (vestibulocochlear)
30
What type of saliva is produced in the parotid gland?
Serous
31
What type of saliva is produced in the sublingual gland?
Mucous
32
What type of saliva is produced in the submandibular gland?
Mixed - serous and mucous
33
What type of epithelium is the filiform papillae?
Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
34
What type of epithelium is the fungiform papilla?
Non-keratinised epithelium
35
What are the main contents of the orbit?
Eyeballs, extrinsic ocular muscles, ligaments supporting the eye, optic nerve, branches of the ophthalmic artery, lacrimal apparatus and eyelids
36
What structures make up the outer fibrous layer of the eye
Sclera - 5/6
| Cornea - 1/6
37
What structures make up the middle vascular layer of the eye?
Choroid, ciliary body and iris
38
What structure makes up the inner sensory layer?
Retina
39
What is the name of the fluid found in the anterior segment of the eye?
Aqueous humor
40
What is the name of the gel found in the posterior segment of the eye?
Vitreous humor
41
What part of the eye produces aqueous humor?
Ciliary epithelium
42
What is the action of the ciliaris muscle?
Accommodation
43
What is the innervation of the ciliaris muscle?
Parasympathetic via CrN III
44
What is the action of the constrictor pupillae?
Pupillary constriction
45
What is the innervation of the constrictor pupillae?
Parasympathetic via CrN III
46
What is the action of the dilator pupillae?
Dilates the pupil
47
What is the innervation of the dilator pupillae?
Sympathetic innervation
48
What is the action of the medial rectus?
Adduction
49
What is the action of the lateral rectus?
Abduction
50
What is the action of the superior rectus?
Elevation, adduction and intorsion
51
What is the action of the inferior rectus?
Depression, adduction and extorsion
52
What is the action of the superior oblique?
Depression, abduction and intorsion
53
What is the action of the inferior oblique?
Extorsion, elevation and abduction
54
What is the only muscle that does not arise from the posterior of the orbit?
Inferior oblique
55
Which ligaments that prevent over-adduction and over-abduction of the eye?
Medial and lateral check ligaments
56
What is the function of the suspensory ligament of the eye?
Resisting the posterior pull on the eyeball produced by the rectus muscles
57
Which branch of the internal carotid artery that supplies the orbit and the eye?
Opthalmic artery
58
Which foramina in the orbit do the ophthalmic veins pass through?
Superior orbital fissure
59
Are there lymphatics in the orbit?
No
60
What type of joint is found between the ear ossicles?
Synovial
61
Which ossicle is in contact with the tympanic membrane?
Malleus
62
Which ossicle is in contact with the oval window?
Stapes
63
Name the two muscles related to the ossicles
Tensor tympani and stapedius
64
What is the action of the tensor tympani muscle?
Dampening loud sounds e.g. chewing, shouting etc.
65
What is the action of the stapedius muscle?
Stabilising the stapes bone and dampening loud sounds
66
Name two areas with which the cavity of the middle ear communicates?
Nasopharynx via the Eustachian tube and mastoid air cells
67
Which part of the temporal bone do the middle and inner ear lie?
Petrous
68
What is the fluid that lies within the bony labyrinth?
Perilymph
69
What is the fluid that lies within the membranous labyrinth?
Endolymph
70
What is the function of the cochlea?
Producing nerve impulses from sound waves (hearing)
71
What is the function of the semicircular canals?
Balance (part of the vestibular system)
72
Through which foramen does the facial nerve exit the posterior cranial fossa?
Stylomastoid foramen
73
Which nerve exits the stylomastoid foramen alongside the facial nerve?
Vestibulocochlear
74
What nerve does the facial nerve give off in the middle ear?
Chorda tympani
75
What fibres does the chorda tympani carry and where are they destined for?
Parasympathetic - submandibular and sublingual glands
| Sensory fibres - taste from anterior 2/3 of the tongue
76
Where are the deep cervical lymph nodes located?
Around the internal jugular vein and within the carotid sheath from the base of the skull to the thoracic inlet
77
Where do the parotids nodes drain lymph from?
Scalp around the parotid gand, lateral parts of the eyelids and the middle ear
78
Where do the buccal nodes drain lymph from?
Cheek region
79
Where do the submental nodes drain lymph from?
Anterior tongue tip, central part of the floor of the mouth and chin
80
Where do the submandibular nodes drain lymph from?
Front of scalp, nose, lipa, air sinuses - ethmoidal, frontal and maxillary, teeth, gums, anterior tongue, floor of the mouth and efferent lymphatics from the submental nodes
81
Where do the mastoid nodes drain lymph from?
Middle region of the scalp and external auditory meatus
82
Where do the occipital nodes drain lymph from?
Back of the scalp
83
Where do the anterior cervical nodes drain lymph from?
Superficial structures of the anterior neck
84
Where do the superficial cervical nodes drain lymph from?
Parotid nodes, angle of the mandible and junction between the neck, face and scalp
85
Where do the retropharyngeal nodes drain lymph from?
Nasopharynx, auditory tube and the upper cervical vertebral column
86
Where do the laryngeal nodes drain lymph from?
Larynx and adjacent
87
Where do the tracheal nodes drain lymph from?
Trachea and thyroid gland
88
Which bones form the posterior boundary of the anterior cranial fossa?
Mostly sphenoid but also frontal and a very small part of the parietal bone
89
Which bone forms the anterior boundary of the middle cranial fossa?
Sphenoid
90
Which bones form the floor of the middle cranial fossa?
Sphenoid and temporal bones
91
Which bone forms the posterior border of the middle cranial fossa?
Temporal
92
Which bones form the pterion?
Frontal, temporal, parietal and sphenoid
93
Which bone forms the anterior border of the posterior cranial fossa?
Temporal
94
Which bone forms the posterior border of the posterior cranial fossa?
Occipital
95
What structures pass through the small foramina of the skull?
Small emissary veins and arteries
96
What nerve passes through the foramina of the cribriform plate?
Olfactory nerve
97
What structures pass through the optic foramen?
Optic nerves and ophthalmic arteries
98
What structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?
Oculomotor, trochlear, ophthalmic (CrN 5 V1) and abducens
99
What nerve passes through foramen rotundum?
CrN V2
100
What nerve passes through foramen ovale?
CrN V3
101
What structure passes through foramen spinosum?
Middle meningeal artery
102
What does foramen lacerum contain?
Cartilage
103
What vessel does the carotid canal contain?
ICA
104
What nerves pass through the internal acoustic foramen?
Facial and vestibulocochlear
105
What structures pass through the jugular foramen?
Glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and internal jugular vein
106
What nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal?
Hypoglossal nerve
107
What structures pass through the foramen magnum?
Medulla, meninges and vertebral arteries
108
Into which foramen does the groove for the sigmoid sinus lead?
Jugular foramen
109
What is the sella turcica?
A deep depression in the middle of the cranial fossa which houses the pituitary gland
110
In which bone is the sella turcica found?
Sphenoid bone
111
Which processes give attachment to the tentorium cerebelli?
Anterior and posterior clinoid processes
112
Which foramen lies immediately anterior to the groove for the cavernous sinus?
Superior orbital fissure
113
What muscle attaches to the medial pterygoid plate?
Constrictor pharyngeus superior
114
What muscles attach to the lateral pterygoid plate?
Medial and lateral pterygoid muscles
115
What are the advantages of neonates having a reasonably flexible skull?
Allows for passage through the birth canal, brain growth and in the event of accidents/falls it allows for swelling of the brain
116
What type of ossification occurs in the vault of the skull?
Intramembranous
117
What type of ossification occurs in the irregular bones of the base of the skull?
Endochondral
118
At what age does the anterior fontanelle fuse?
9-18 months
119
At what age does the posterior fontanelle fuse?
1-2 months
120
What type of epithelium lines the dorsal surface of the tongue?
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
121
What type of muscle fibres underlie the epithelium of the tongue?
Skeletal muscle
122
What is the function of a myoepithelial cell?
Controls secretions of exocrine glands
123
What type of secretion is secreted from the parotid gland?
Serous
124
What type of secretion is secreted by the submandibular gland?
Serous and mucous
125
What type of secretion is secreted by the sublingual gland?
Mucous
