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Nervous System > Brain Anatomy 1 > Flashcards

Brain Anatomy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What three structures make up the brainstem

A

Midbrain, medulla and pons

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2
Q

Embryologically, which two vesicles of the neural tube give rise to the brainstem?

A

Rhombocephalon and myencephalon

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3
Q

What cavities of the ventricular system lie within the brainstem

A

4th ventricle and cerebral aqueduct

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4
Q

Which cranial nerves can you see emerging from the pontomedullary junction?

A

Abducens, facial and vestibulocochlear

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5
Q

Which cranial nerve emerging from the pontomedullary junction has the longest intracranial course?

A

Abducens

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6
Q

What is the function of the pyramids?

A

Contain the motor fibres of the corticospinal and corticobulbar

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7
Q

What is the function of the decussation of the pyramids?

A

Where most of the tracts cross over (decussation)

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8
Q

What is the function of the olives?

A

Contain the inferior olivar nucleus - receives input from the motor and sensory cortices

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9
Q

Is the open part of the medulla superior or inferior?

A

Inferior

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10
Q

Is the closed part of the medulla superior or inferior?

A

Superior

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11
Q

What structure does the open part of the medulla open into?

A

4th ventricle

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12
Q

Through which foramen does the medulla pass to become the spinal cord?

A

Foramen magnum

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13
Q

What part of the brain lies immediately superior to the midbrain?

A

Diencephalon

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14
Q

What structure lies immediately inferior to the midbrain?

A

Pons

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15
Q

What type of fibres make up the cerebral peduncles?

A

Nerve fibres going from the cerebral hemispheres to the pons

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16
Q

What structures make up the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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17
Q

Which parts of the brain does the diencephalon lie between?

A

Cerebrum and midbrain

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18
Q

What is the name given to the midline structure connecting the two cerebellar hemispheres?

A

Vermis

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19
Q

What parts of the brainstem are connected to the cerebellum via the peduncles?

A

Midbrain, pons and medulla

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20
Q

Which ventricle lies immediately anterior to the cerebellum?

A

4th ventricle

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21
Q

Which cranial fossa is the cerebellum in contact with?

A

Posterior cranial fossa

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22
Q

Which foramen does the cerebellum sit above?

A

Foramen magnum

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23
Q

What is the name of the pituitary stalk?

A

Infundibulam

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24
Q

What is the name of the fissure that seperates the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal hemisphere

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25
Q

Which structure connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

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26
Q

What type of nerve fibres are found in the corpus callosum?

A

Commisural fibres

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27
Q

Which fold of dura mater seperates the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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28
Q

Which lobe of the brain contains the primary motor cortex?

A

Frontal

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29
Q

Which lobe of the brain contains the primary visual cortex?

A

Occipital

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30
Q

Which lobe of the brain contains the primary sensory cortex?

A

Parietal

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31
Q

Which lobe of the brain contains the primary auditory cortex?

A

Temporal

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32
Q

At what level does the spinal cord terminate in an adult?

A

L1/2

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33
Q

At what level does the spinal cord terminate in a newborn?

A

L2/3

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34
Q

At what vertebral level does the dura mater terminate?

A

S2/3

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35
Q

At what vertebral level does the arachnoid mater terminate?

A

S2/3

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36
Q

What happens to the pia mater inferior to the spinal cord?

A

Attaches to the coccyx (filum terminale)

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37
Q

At what vertebral level would you perform a lumbar puncture on an adult?

A

L3/4

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38
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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39
Q

From which arteries do the left and right vertebral arteries arise?

A

Subclavian

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40
Q

At what vertebral level do the ICAs arise?

41
Q

How is the basilar artery formed and which part of the brainstem is it closely related to?

A

Left and right artery confluences - pons

42
Q

In which groove does the anterior cerebral artery travel?

A

Longitudinal fissure

43
Q

In which groove does the middle cerebral artery travel?

A

Lateral fissure

44
Q

In which groove does the posterior cerebral artery travel?

A

Calcarine sulcus

45
Q

Which artery supplies the primary motor cortex?

A

Middle cerebral artery

46
Q

Which artery supplies the primary sensory area?

A

Middle cerebral artery

47
Q

Which artery supplies the primary visual cortex?

A

Calcarine artery (posterior cerebral)

48
Q

Which artery supplies the primary auditory cortex?

A

Middle cerebral artery

49
Q

Which artery supplies the area of olfaction?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

50
Q

Which areas of the brain are supplied by the vertebro-basilar system?

A

Brain stem, occipital lobes and cerebellum

51
Q

What veins drain into the cavernous sinus?

A

Middle cerebral, sphenoparietal, superior and inferior ophthalmic and cortical vein

52
Q

From which arteries fuse to form the anterior spinal artery?

A

Vertebral arteries

53
Q

What fluid circulates in the subarachnoid space?

54
Q

Besides CSF, what structures are found in the subarachnoid space?

A

Connective tissue trabeculae and intercommunicating blood vessel channels

55
Q

Which structures does the falx cerebri separate?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

56
Q

To which bony structures does the falx cerebri attach anteriorly?

A

Cristal gali and frontal processes

57
Q

Which dural venous sinus runs within the upper border of the falx cerebri?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

58
Q

Which dural venous sinus runs along the lower border of the falx cerebri?

A

Inferior sagittal sinus

59
Q

What structures lie on either side of the tentorium cerebelli ?

A

Cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum

60
Q

To what bony points does the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli attach to?

A

Petrous part of the temporal bone and transverse sulci of the occipital bone

61
Q

Which dural venous sinus runs along the attachment of the falx cerebri to the tentorium?

A

Straight sinus

62
Q

What is the dural fold that separates the two cerebellar hemispheres?

A

Falx cerebelli

63
Q

What fold of dura surrounds the pituitary stalk?

A

Sella turcica

64
Q

Through which foramen does the middle meningeal artery enter the cranial cavity?

A

Foramen spinosum

65
Q

Which artery is the maxillary artery a terminal branch of and where is it given off?

A

ECA - in the parotid gland

66
Q

In which part of the brain does the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle lie?

A

Frontal lobe of the cerebrum

67
Q

In which part of the brain does the body of the lateral ventricle lie?

A

Frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum

68
Q

In which part of the brain does the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle lie?

A

Parietal and occipital lobes of the cerebrum

69
Q

In which part of the brain does the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle lie?

A

Temporal lobe of the cerebrum

70
Q

Where does the foramen of Monro (interventricular foramen)?

71
Q

In which part of the brain does the 3rd ventricle lie?

A

Diencephalon

72
Q

In which part of the brain does the cerebral aqueduct lie?

73
Q

In which part of the brain does the 4th ventricle lie?

A

Between the brainstem and the cerebellum

74
Q

What structures lie in the ventricles and produce CSF?

A

Choroid plexus

75
Q

How does the CSF pass into the subarachnoid space from the 4th ventricle?

A

Through small foramina

76
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed back into the general circulation?

A

Arachnoid villa into the superior sagittal sinus

77
Q

What are the 4 parts of the corpus callosum?

A

Rostrum, genu, body and splenium

78
Q

What is the septum pellucidum?

A

A thin sheet that lies in the midline and separates the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles

79
Q

What is the fornix?

A

A bundle of fibres which links the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus

80
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

A sensory relay area made up of smaller masses of grey matter nuclei

81
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Releasing hormones, regulating body temperature, maintaining physiological cycles, controlling appetites, managing sexual behaviour and regulating emotional responses

82
Q

What fold of dura lies immediately over the pituitary gland?

A

Sella diaphragm

83
Q

Where are the colliculi in relation to the pineal gland?

84
Q

What structures constitute the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus and substantia nigra

85
Q

What is the internal capsule made up of?

A

Myelinated axons (white matter)

86
Q

Which fibres connect the cerebral hemispheres to other parts of the brain?

A

Projection fibres

87
Q

Which fibres connect parts of the one hemisphere together?

A

Association

88
Q

Which cerebral artery supplies the internal capsule?

A

Middle cerebral artery

89
Q

Where is the red nucleus found in relation to the substantia nigra?

90
Q

What fibres do the cerebral peduncles contain?

A

Corticospinal: Large ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) nerve tracts

91
Q

Which part of the pyramidal tract of the pons contains the medial lemniscus?

92
Q

Which fibres make up the pyramid and olive of the medulla?

A

Corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts (motor fibres)

93
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the cervical spinal cord?

A

Anterior horn is larger than in thoracic and it is mostly white matter. The spinal cord is very thick here

94
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the thoracic spinal cord?

A

Thinnest part with the least amount of grey matter

95
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the lumbar spinal cord?

A

Thick dorsal root and large areas of grey matter

96
Q

What are the distinguishing features of the sacral part of the spinal cord?

A

Large amounts of grey matter and bulgy shape

97
Q

Which part of the spinal cord receives sensory nerve fibres?

A

Dorsal horn

98
Q

Which part of the spinal cord projects motor fibres?

A

Ventral horn

99
Q

What is the name of the hole in the middle of the spinal cord and what does it contain?

A

Central canal - contains ependymal cells

Nervous System (16 decks)

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