Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroanatomy > Special senses > Flashcards

Special senses Flashcards

1
Q

EAR:

tympanic membrane is responsible for what kind of noises

A

very loud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what portions of the ear does the tympanic membrane attach

A

the middle and outer ear to the malleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what can you see through the tympanic membrane?

A

malleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ossicles do what to sound?

A

they magnify it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

malleus is also known as

A

the hammer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what structure does the malleus lie next to

A

the tympanic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the most lateral structure of the ear

A

malleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the name of the long muscke that anchors the hammer down

A

tensor tympani

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

tensor tympani is responsible for anchoring down this structure?

A

malleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

when would the tensor tympani bilatterally contract?

A

with touch to the face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

right before speaking what contracts?

A

tensor tympani

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

with ___ loud noises the _______ contracts

A

very, tensor tympani

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

if you are shooting a gun does the tensor tympani contract fast enough to protect the ear?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

incus is also known as?

A

anvil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

stapes is also known as the

A

stirrup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

stapes lies next to the oval of round window

A

the oval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what bone is of the ear is most medial?

A

stapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what branch of CN VII supplies the stapes?

A

stapedius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what nuclei does the stapedius branch lead to

A

the facial motor nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the job of the stapes

A

dampen sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

saccule is apart of what?

A

the maculae (not malleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

saccule is responsible for what?

A

equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

utricle is contained with

A

the maculae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what structures sense rotation

A

semicircular cancals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how many bones make up the semicircular canals?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the ampulla?

A

enlarged structure of the semicircular ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is held within the ampulla?

A

rotational balance receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

cochlear duct is also known as?

A

scale media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is within the cochlear duct?

A

endolymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what type of epithelium is the organ of corti made of?

A

specialized sensory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

apical side of the organ corti conatins

A

afferent neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

the basal side of the organ of corti contain the fiber that lead to what?

A

CN VIII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the spiral structure of the ear?

A

cochlea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

tecotoral membrane characteristics

A

gelatinous flap over the organ of corti

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is the job of the inner hair cells?

A

detects wound waves that released glutamate from the basal area of the cochlear duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are the outer hair cells do what to sound?

A

amplify the low intensity sounds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what do the outer hair cells do to the tectoral membrane?

A

pull it down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What happens if a person is on ASA’s, AB’s pr cisplatin for to long?

(what happens to the ability to hear?)

A

hear loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are considered ototoxic

A

asa’s, ab’s and antineoplastic medications such as cisplatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

scale vestibuli is connects the the oval or the round window?

A

oval window

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

the scale vesitbul lies superior to what structure of the inner ear?

A

superior the cochlear duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

the scale tympani is continous with what structure>

A

the scale vestibuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

where does the scale tympani terminate?

A

the round window

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what do both the scala tympani and scale vestibui cotain

A

endolymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is the helicotrema?

A

where the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli bend and form a continuos chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

the osscile when vibrated hit up on which window

A

the oval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

when the oval window is hit what happens?

A

the perilymph is released to the scala vestibuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

the sounds waves go through what structure as it goes to the scale tympani?

A

the helicotrema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

where do the sounds waves go next after reaching the scale tympani?

A

the round window

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what structure pushes into the cochlear duct

A

the scala vestibuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

once the vibrations get to the tectoral membrane where do they go next?

A

the vibration go to the inner hair cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

vibraiton of the inner hair cells leads to the release of what?

A

neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

neurotransmitters reach what structure

A

the cochlear nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

neurological sequence of the hearing:

what are the N1 cells

A

bipolar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what cells form tot he cochlear nerve

A

the bipolar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what nerve joins the cochlear nerve

A

the vestibular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

N2 of the hear pathway is the

A

cochlear nuclei in the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

are the N2 of the hearing pathway ipsilateral or contralateral in the medulla

A

they are located ipsilateral in the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

after the fibers synapse at the cochlear nuclei where do they pass through

A

trapezoid body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what fibers pass through the trapezoid body?

A

the fibers leaving the cochlear nuclei in the medulla (N2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

where do the fiber of the auditory pathway go next after passing through the trapezoid body?

A

they synapse at the superior olivary nucleus of the pons

62
Q

instead of the auditory fibers going to the superior olivary nuclei of the pons they can also go where?

A

to the lateral lemniscus –> inferior colliculus —>MGB

63
Q

after the auditory radiations leave the MGB they pass the what portion of the capsule

A

the internal capsule

64
Q

after the auditory radiations leave the internal capsule they go where

A

the primary auditory cortex

65
Q

what fissure is the auditory cortex lateral too?

A

the sylvian sulcus

66
Q

heschl’s gyri receives low sounds at what portion of the gyri?

A

the lateral

67
Q

heschls gyri recieves high sounds at what portion of the gyri?

A

the medial

68
Q

heschls gyri is what broadman area?

A

41

69
Q

heschls gyri is refered to as

A

tonotopic

70
Q

auditory association area is responsible for what

A

interprets sound on past experiences

71
Q

otitis media if inflammation of what region of the ear

A

middle ear inflammation

72
Q

hardening of the ear ossicles is known as

A

otosclerosis

73
Q

when ear neurons are not working this is refered to

A

sens-ori-neural deafness

74
Q

what are the portions of the lateral olfactory stria?

A
  1. olfactory tubercle
  2. cortex of lateral entorhinal
  3. anterior cortical amygdala
  4. piriformis corrtex
75
Q

what is the trigone?

A

it is at the end of the olfactory tract where is splits into lateral and medial stria

76
Q

major portion of the brain that sense smell

A

temporal lobe

77
Q

the olfactory has now many neurons

A

two

78
Q

the olfactory pathway reaches the ____ cortex (with or without) synapsing at the thalmus?

A

cerebral

without synapsing at the thalamus

79
Q

the olfactory receptors are located in the olfactory ______

A

mucosa

80
Q

the mucosa is located where

A
  1. superior nasal concha*
  2. upper nasal septum
  3. roof on the nasal cavity
81
Q

what hormones are responsible for the synchronizing of the menstrual cycle

A

pheromones are sensed by the olfactory system

82
Q

whale vomit is used for?

A

perfume

83
Q

N1 of the olfactory pathway are what shape?

A

bipolar

84
Q

what kind of receptors are spread all over the surface of the olfactory mucosa?

A

chemoreceptors

85
Q

what are chemoreceptors refered to as?

A

non-motile cilia

86
Q

what are the 3 cells of the olfactory epithelium

A

olfactory neurons
basal cells
supporting cells

87
Q

cilia are bathed in serous fluid secreted by what?

A

bowmans serous glands

88
Q

are the cilia depolarized or repolarized when exposed to an odor?

A

depolarized

89
Q

N2 of the olfactory pathway are what kinds of cells

A

mitral cells

90
Q

N1 of the olfactory pathways

A

olfactory axons

91
Q

how long does it take for the receptor cells to adapt

A

1 minute

92
Q

why is damage to the cribiform plate so dangerous…what is the pt. more susceptible too?

A

bacterial meningitis

93
Q

damage to the cribiform will cause what to leak

A

csf

94
Q

supporting cells do what?

A

provide metabolic support

95
Q

basal cells are responsible for what?

A

regeneration of the olfactory neurons

96
Q

what portions of the CNS are capable of regeneration of neurons

A

hippocampus and the basal/olfactory stem cells

97
Q

where does to the olfactory bulb lie

A

in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid in the anterior cranial fossa

98
Q

what are the most common cells of the olfactory bulb>

A

the mitral cells

99
Q

what is the continuation of the olfactory bulb?

A

the olfactory tract

100
Q

lateral olfactory cortex proceeds to what?

A

the primary olfactory cortex

101
Q

the medial olfactory stria run through what structure to join the 2 olfactory bulbs?

A

the anterior commissure

102
Q

what stria indirectly connects the 2 olfactory bulbs?

A

the medial olfactory stria

103
Q

fibers of the medial olfactoroy stria can go where for an emotional response to smell?

A

the limbic system

104
Q

when you get an emotional response to a smell what portion of the medial stria is responsible for this?

A

the branch that goes to the limbic system

105
Q

when you are able to percieve what an object is when smelling it, what stria of the olfactory pathway is responsible for this?

A

the lateral

106
Q

the olfactory tubercle of the lateral stria is responsible for what

A

emotional response to odor

107
Q

what stria of the olfactory patwahy is the cortex of lateral entorhinal apart of?

A

the lateral stria

108
Q

what is the cortex of the lateral entorhinal responsible for?

A

stores short and long term memories associated with smells

109
Q

what gyrus is the cortex of lateral entorhinal apart of?

A

the parahipocampal

110
Q

what is the anterior cortical amygdala responsible for in the lateral olfactory stria?

A

visceral response to the smell

111
Q

what portion of the lateral stria of the olfactory system is responsible for regulation of food intake?

A

the anterior cortical amygdala

112
Q

when you have a sympathetic response to a smell what portion of the lateral stria is responsible for this?

A

the anterior cortical amygdala

113
Q

piriformis cortex is apart of which stria ?

A

the lateral

114
Q

piriformis is a part of what portion of the parahippocampal gyrus?

A

the uncus

115
Q

What is the process of taking an environmental olfactory stimulus and turning it into an electrical one?

A

Olfactory transduction

116
Q

In order for odors/smells to be detected what must happen?

A

they must be dissolved in the serous fluid

117
Q

What are functions of the hippocampus?

A

Consolidate new memories (convert short-term to long-term memories)

Emotions

Navigation

Spatial orientation

Learning

118
Q

Axons of the mitral cells form what?

A

olfactory tract

119
Q

If the uncus is damaged, what can occur?

A

Olfactory hallucination

120
Q

Is the Lateral olfactory stria tract ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

Ipsilateral

121
Q

The entorhinal cortex supplies afferent fibers to what structure of the brain?

A

hippocampus

122
Q

What is the function of the periamygdaloid cortex?

A

Play a role in olfactory discrimination

123
Q

The primary olfactory area sends axons to what area?

A

Olfactory association area

124
Q

What is considered to be the orbital surface of the frontal lobe?

A

olfactory association area

125
Q

The ___________ of the thalamus has afferent axons going to the orbitofrontal cortex for conscious sensation of odors.

A

dorsal medial nucleus

126
Q

The __________ is part of the brain associated with decision making, social interactions and foresight. It is involved in defining our goals and plans for activities based on our individually defined criteria

A

orbitofrontal cortex

127
Q

Do medial olfactory fibers play a role in perception of olfactory stimuli?

A

no

128
Q

What is the term for loss of smell sensation?*

A

anosmia

129
Q

What type of papillae are taste buds located in?

A

All tongue papillae except filiform papillae

130
Q

CN VII via the _______________ supplies the anterior 2/3 of the tongue with taste sensation

A

chorda tympani

131
Q

CN VII via the ________________ supplies the soft palate taste buds

A

greater petrosal nerve

132
Q

CN IX via _______________ supplies taste buds on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and part of the pharynx

A

lingual branch of CN IX

133
Q

What type of fiber is taste?

A

SVA

134
Q

CN VII via the chorda tympani supplies sensation from what?

A

taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue

135
Q

What are the steps in the taste pathway?

A

N1: pseudo-unipolar
N2: nucleus tractus solitarius
N3: VPM of the thalamus –> gustatory cortex

136
Q

CN X via the ______________ supplies the epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds of the larynx, part of the pharynx, and the upper esophagus for taste

A

Superior laryngeal nerve

137
Q

Where is the cell body of the 1st order neuron that supplies taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

geniculate ganglion

138
Q

Where is the cell body of the 1st order neuron that supplies taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

petrosal ganglion/inferior ganglion

139
Q

Where is the cell body of the 1st order neuron that supplies taste from the epiglottis?

A

nodose ganglion/inferior ganglion

140
Q

The axons from taste form what tract when it enters the spinal cord?

A

solitary tract

141
Q

Where are 2nd order neurons of taste located?

A

solitary tract nucleus

142
Q

Pertaining to the tract of taste sensation, where do collaterals run to?

A

Collaterals run to the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei to induce the reflex secretion of saliva

They also run to DMNX to cause reflex of secretion of gastric juices

143
Q

Where are 3rd order neurons of taste sensation located?

A

VPM of the thalamus

144
Q

Where is the primary gustatory cortex (area 43) located?

A

Lower end of the post-central gyrus in the insula

145
Q

What is the brodmann area of taste?

A

43

146
Q

Taste information is also routed into the hypothalamus and amygdala for what?

A

Contribution to sensation and feelings of pleasure

147
Q

What CN is the afferent limb which sends fibers to synapse at the nucleus solitarius involved with the gag reflex?

A

CN IX

148
Q

What CN is the motor component of the gag reflex?

A

CNX

149
Q

What do lesions of the nucleus ambiguous cause?

A

Dysphagia and dysarthria

150
Q

What is Ageusia?

A

loss of taste

151
Q

Damage to what areas can cause loss of taste (ageusia)?

A

Damage to VPM of thalamus

Damage to parietal operculum

Damaging the primary gustatory cortex

Neuroanatomy (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions