Special senses Flashcards
EAR:
tympanic membrane is responsible for what kind of noises
very loud
what portions of the ear does the tympanic membrane attach
the middle and outer ear to the malleus
what can you see through the tympanic membrane?
malleus
ossicles do what to sound?
they magnify it
malleus is also known as
the hammer
what structure does the malleus lie next to
the tympanic membrane
what is the most lateral structure of the ear
malleus
what is the name of the long muscke that anchors the hammer down
tensor tympani
tensor tympani is responsible for anchoring down this structure?
malleus
when would the tensor tympani bilatterally contract?
with touch to the face
right before speaking what contracts?
tensor tympani
with ___ loud noises the _______ contracts
very, tensor tympani
if you are shooting a gun does the tensor tympani contract fast enough to protect the ear?
no
incus is also known as?
anvil
stapes is also known as the
stirrup
stapes lies next to the oval of round window
the oval
what bone is of the ear is most medial?
stapes
what branch of CN VII supplies the stapes?
stapedius
what nuclei does the stapedius branch lead to
the facial motor nucleus
what is the job of the stapes
dampen sound
saccule is apart of what?
the maculae (not malleus)
saccule is responsible for what?
equilibrium
utricle is contained with
the maculae
what structures sense rotation
semicircular cancals
how many bones make up the semicircular canals?
3
what is the ampulla?
enlarged structure of the semicircular ducts
what is held within the ampulla?
rotational balance receptors
cochlear duct is also known as?
scale media
what is within the cochlear duct?
endolymph
what type of epithelium is the organ of corti made of?
specialized sensory epithelium
apical side of the organ corti conatins
afferent neurons
the basal side of the organ of corti contain the fiber that lead to what?
CN VIII
what is the spiral structure of the ear?
cochlea
tecotoral membrane characteristics
gelatinous flap over the organ of corti
what is the job of the inner hair cells?
detects wound waves that released glutamate from the basal area of the cochlear duct
what are the outer hair cells do what to sound?
amplify the low intensity sounds.
what do the outer hair cells do to the tectoral membrane?
pull it down
What happens if a person is on ASA’s, AB’s pr cisplatin for to long?
(what happens to the ability to hear?)
hear loss
what are considered ototoxic
asa’s, ab’s and antineoplastic medications such as cisplatin
scale vestibuli is connects the the oval or the round window?
oval window
the scale vesitbul lies superior to what structure of the inner ear?
superior the cochlear duct
the scale tympani is continous with what structure>
the scale vestibuli
where does the scale tympani terminate?
the round window
what do both the scala tympani and scale vestibui cotain
endolymph
what is the helicotrema?
where the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli bend and form a continuos chamber
the osscile when vibrated hit up on which window
the oval
when the oval window is hit what happens?
the perilymph is released to the scala vestibuli
the sounds waves go through what structure as it goes to the scale tympani?
the helicotrema
where do the sounds waves go next after reaching the scale tympani?
the round window
what structure pushes into the cochlear duct
the scala vestibuli
once the vibrations get to the tectoral membrane where do they go next?
the vibration go to the inner hair cells
vibraiton of the inner hair cells leads to the release of what?
neurotransmitters
neurotransmitters reach what structure
the cochlear nerve
neurological sequence of the hearing:
what are the N1 cells
bipolar cells
what cells form tot he cochlear nerve
the bipolar cells
what nerve joins the cochlear nerve
the vestibular
N2 of the hear pathway is the
cochlear nuclei in the medulla
are the N2 of the hearing pathway ipsilateral or contralateral in the medulla
they are located ipsilateral in the medulla
after the fibers synapse at the cochlear nuclei where do they pass through
trapezoid body
what fibers pass through the trapezoid body?
the fibers leaving the cochlear nuclei in the medulla (N2)
where do the fiber of the auditory pathway go next after passing through the trapezoid body?
they synapse at the superior olivary nucleus of the pons
instead of the auditory fibers going to the superior olivary nuclei of the pons they can also go where?
to the lateral lemniscus –> inferior colliculus —>MGB
after the auditory radiations leave the MGB they pass the what portion of the capsule
the internal capsule
after the auditory radiations leave the internal capsule they go where
the primary auditory cortex
what fissure is the auditory cortex lateral too?
the sylvian sulcus
heschl’s gyri receives low sounds at what portion of the gyri?
the lateral
heschls gyri recieves high sounds at what portion of the gyri?
the medial
heschls gyri is what broadman area?
41
heschls gyri is refered to as
tonotopic
auditory association area is responsible for what
interprets sound on past experiences
otitis media if inflammation of what region of the ear
middle ear inflammation
hardening of the ear ossicles is known as
otosclerosis
when ear neurons are not working this is refered to
sens-ori-neural deafness
what are the portions of the lateral olfactory stria?
- olfactory tubercle
- cortex of lateral entorhinal
- anterior cortical amygdala
- piriformis corrtex
what is the trigone?
it is at the end of the olfactory tract where is splits into lateral and medial stria
major portion of the brain that sense smell
temporal lobe
the olfactory has now many neurons
two
the olfactory pathway reaches the ____ cortex (with or without) synapsing at the thalmus?
cerebral
without synapsing at the thalamus
the olfactory receptors are located in the olfactory ______
mucosa
the mucosa is located where
- superior nasal concha*
- upper nasal septum
- roof on the nasal cavity
what hormones are responsible for the synchronizing of the menstrual cycle
pheromones are sensed by the olfactory system
whale vomit is used for?
perfume
N1 of the olfactory pathway are what shape?
bipolar
what kind of receptors are spread all over the surface of the olfactory mucosa?
chemoreceptors
what are chemoreceptors refered to as?
non-motile cilia
what are the 3 cells of the olfactory epithelium
olfactory neurons
basal cells
supporting cells
cilia are bathed in serous fluid secreted by what?
bowmans serous glands
are the cilia depolarized or repolarized when exposed to an odor?
depolarized
N2 of the olfactory pathway are what kinds of cells
mitral cells
N1 of the olfactory pathways
olfactory axons
how long does it take for the receptor cells to adapt
1 minute
why is damage to the cribiform plate so dangerous…what is the pt. more susceptible too?
bacterial meningitis
damage to the cribiform will cause what to leak
csf
supporting cells do what?
provide metabolic support
basal cells are responsible for what?
regeneration of the olfactory neurons
what portions of the CNS are capable of regeneration of neurons
hippocampus and the basal/olfactory stem cells
where does to the olfactory bulb lie
in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid in the anterior cranial fossa
what are the most common cells of the olfactory bulb>
the mitral cells
what is the continuation of the olfactory bulb?
the olfactory tract
lateral olfactory cortex proceeds to what?
the primary olfactory cortex
the medial olfactory stria run through what structure to join the 2 olfactory bulbs?
the anterior commissure
what stria indirectly connects the 2 olfactory bulbs?
the medial olfactory stria
fibers of the medial olfactoroy stria can go where for an emotional response to smell?
the limbic system
when you get an emotional response to a smell what portion of the medial stria is responsible for this?
the branch that goes to the limbic system
when you are able to percieve what an object is when smelling it, what stria of the olfactory pathway is responsible for this?
the lateral
the olfactory tubercle of the lateral stria is responsible for what
emotional response to odor
what stria of the olfactory patwahy is the cortex of lateral entorhinal apart of?
the lateral stria
what is the cortex of the lateral entorhinal responsible for?
stores short and long term memories associated with smells
what gyrus is the cortex of lateral entorhinal apart of?
the parahipocampal
what is the anterior cortical amygdala responsible for in the lateral olfactory stria?
visceral response to the smell
what portion of the lateral stria of the olfactory system is responsible for regulation of food intake?
the anterior cortical amygdala
when you have a sympathetic response to a smell what portion of the lateral stria is responsible for this?
the anterior cortical amygdala
piriformis cortex is apart of which stria ?
the lateral
piriformis is a part of what portion of the parahippocampal gyrus?
the uncus
What is the process of taking an environmental olfactory stimulus and turning it into an electrical one?
Olfactory transduction
In order for odors/smells to be detected what must happen?
they must be dissolved in the serous fluid
What are functions of the hippocampus?
Consolidate new memories (convert short-term to long-term memories)
Emotions
Navigation
Spatial orientation
Learning
Axons of the mitral cells form what?
olfactory tract
If the uncus is damaged, what can occur?
Olfactory hallucination
Is the Lateral olfactory stria tract ipsilateral or contralateral?
Ipsilateral
The entorhinal cortex supplies afferent fibers to what structure of the brain?
hippocampus
What is the function of the periamygdaloid cortex?
Play a role in olfactory discrimination
The primary olfactory area sends axons to what area?
Olfactory association area
What is considered to be the orbital surface of the frontal lobe?
olfactory association area
The ___________ of the thalamus has afferent axons going to the orbitofrontal cortex for conscious sensation of odors.
dorsal medial nucleus
The __________ is part of the brain associated with decision making, social interactions and foresight. It is involved in defining our goals and plans for activities based on our individually defined criteria
orbitofrontal cortex
Do medial olfactory fibers play a role in perception of olfactory stimuli?
no
What is the term for loss of smell sensation?*
anosmia
What type of papillae are taste buds located in?
All tongue papillae except filiform papillae
CN VII via the _______________ supplies the anterior 2/3 of the tongue with taste sensation
chorda tympani
CN VII via the ________________ supplies the soft palate taste buds
greater petrosal nerve
CN IX via _______________ supplies taste buds on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and part of the pharynx
lingual branch of CN IX
What type of fiber is taste?
SVA
CN VII via the chorda tympani supplies sensation from what?
taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
What are the steps in the taste pathway?
N1: pseudo-unipolar
N2: nucleus tractus solitarius
N3: VPM of the thalamus –> gustatory cortex
CN X via the ______________ supplies the epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds of the larynx, part of the pharynx, and the upper esophagus for taste
Superior laryngeal nerve
Where is the cell body of the 1st order neuron that supplies taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
geniculate ganglion
Where is the cell body of the 1st order neuron that supplies taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
petrosal ganglion/inferior ganglion
Where is the cell body of the 1st order neuron that supplies taste from the epiglottis?
nodose ganglion/inferior ganglion
The axons from taste form what tract when it enters the spinal cord?
solitary tract
Where are 2nd order neurons of taste located?
solitary tract nucleus
Pertaining to the tract of taste sensation, where do collaterals run to?
Collaterals run to the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei to induce the reflex secretion of saliva
They also run to DMNX to cause reflex of secretion of gastric juices
Where are 3rd order neurons of taste sensation located?
VPM of the thalamus
Where is the primary gustatory cortex (area 43) located?
Lower end of the post-central gyrus in the insula
What is the brodmann area of taste?
43
Taste information is also routed into the hypothalamus and amygdala for what?
Contribution to sensation and feelings of pleasure
What CN is the afferent limb which sends fibers to synapse at the nucleus solitarius involved with the gag reflex?
CN IX
What CN is the motor component of the gag reflex?
CNX
What do lesions of the nucleus ambiguous cause?
Dysphagia and dysarthria
What is Ageusia?
loss of taste
Damage to what areas can cause loss of taste (ageusia)?
Damage to VPM of thalamus
Damage to parietal operculum
Damaging the primary gustatory cortex
