Special senses Flashcards
1
Q
EAR:
tympanic membrane is responsible for what kind of noises
A
very loud
2
Q
what portions of the ear does the tympanic membrane attach
A
the middle and outer ear to the malleus
3
Q
what can you see through the tympanic membrane?
A
malleus
4
Q
ossicles do what to sound?
A
they magnify it
5
Q
malleus is also known as
A
the hammer
6
Q
what structure does the malleus lie next to
A
the tympanic membrane
7
Q
what is the most lateral structure of the ear
A
malleus
8
Q
what is the name of the long muscke that anchors the hammer down
A
tensor tympani
9
Q
tensor tympani is responsible for anchoring down this structure?
A
malleus
10
Q
when would the tensor tympani bilatterally contract?
A
with touch to the face
11
Q
right before speaking what contracts?
A
tensor tympani
12
Q
with ___ loud noises the _______ contracts
A
very, tensor tympani
13
Q
if you are shooting a gun does the tensor tympani contract fast enough to protect the ear?
A
no
14
Q
incus is also known as?
A
anvil
15
Q
stapes is also known as the
A
stirrup
16
Q
stapes lies next to the oval of round window
A
the oval
17
Q
what bone is of the ear is most medial?
A
stapes
18
Q
what branch of CN VII supplies the stapes?
A
stapedius
19
Q
what nuclei does the stapedius branch lead to
A
the facial motor nucleus
20
Q
what is the job of the stapes
A
dampen sound
21
Q
saccule is apart of what?
A
the maculae (not malleus)
22
Q
saccule is responsible for what?
A
equilibrium
23
Q
utricle is contained with
A
the maculae
24
Q
what structures sense rotation
A
semicircular cancals
25
how many bones make up the semicircular canals?
3
26
what is the ampulla?
enlarged structure of the semicircular ducts
27
what is held within the ampulla?
rotational balance receptors
28
cochlear duct is also known as?
scale media
29
what is within the cochlear duct?
endolymph
30
what type of epithelium is the organ of corti made of?
specialized sensory epithelium
31
apical side of the organ corti conatins
afferent neurons
32
the basal side of the organ of corti contain the fiber that lead to what?
CN VIII
33
what is the spiral structure of the ear?
cochlea
34
tecotoral membrane characteristics
gelatinous flap over the organ of corti
35
what is the job of the inner hair cells?
detects wound waves that released glutamate from the basal area of the cochlear duct
36
what are the outer hair cells do what to sound?
amplify the low intensity sounds.
37
what do the outer hair cells do to the tectoral membrane?
pull it down
38
What happens if a person is on ASA's, AB's pr cisplatin for to long?
(what happens to the ability to hear?)
hear loss
39
what are considered ototoxic
asa's, ab's and antineoplastic medications such as cisplatin
40
scale vestibuli is connects the the oval or the round window?
oval window
41
the scale vesitbul lies superior to what structure of the inner ear?
superior the cochlear duct
42
the scale tympani is continous with what structure>
the scale vestibuli
43
where does the scale tympani terminate?
the round window
44
what do both the scala tympani and scale vestibui cotain
endolymph
45
what is the helicotrema?
where the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli bend and form a continuos chamber
46
the osscile when vibrated hit up on which window
the oval
47
when the oval window is hit what happens?
the perilymph is released to the scala vestibuli
48
the sounds waves go through what structure as it goes to the scale tympani?
the helicotrema
49
where do the sounds waves go next after reaching the scale tympani?
the round window
50
what structure pushes into the cochlear duct
the scala vestibuli
51
once the vibrations get to the tectoral membrane where do they go next?
the vibration go to the inner hair cells
52
vibraiton of the inner hair cells leads to the release of what?
neurotransmitters
53
neurotransmitters reach what structure
the cochlear nerve
54
neurological sequence of the hearing:
| what are the N1 cells
bipolar cells
55
what cells form tot he cochlear nerve
the bipolar cells
56
what nerve joins the cochlear nerve
the vestibular
57
N2 of the hear pathway is the
cochlear nuclei in the medulla
58
are the N2 of the hearing pathway ipsilateral or contralateral in the medulla
they are located ipsilateral in the medulla
59
after the fibers synapse at the cochlear nuclei where do they pass through
trapezoid body
60
what fibers pass through the trapezoid body?
the fibers leaving the cochlear nuclei in the medulla (N2)
61
where do the fiber of the auditory pathway go next after passing through the trapezoid body?
they synapse at the superior olivary nucleus of the pons
62
instead of the auditory fibers going to the superior olivary nuclei of the pons they can also go where?
to the lateral lemniscus --> inferior colliculus --->MGB
63
after the auditory radiations leave the MGB they pass the what portion of the capsule
the internal capsule
64
after the auditory radiations leave the internal capsule they go where
the primary auditory cortex
65
what fissure is the auditory cortex lateral too?
the sylvian sulcus
66
heschl's gyri receives low sounds at what portion of the gyri?
the lateral
67
heschls gyri recieves high sounds at what portion of the gyri?
the medial
68
heschls gyri is what broadman area?
41
69
heschls gyri is refered to as
tonotopic
70
auditory association area is responsible for what
interprets sound on past experiences
71
otitis media if inflammation of what region of the ear
middle ear inflammation
72
hardening of the ear ossicles is known as
otosclerosis
73
when ear neurons are not working this is refered to
sens-ori-neural deafness
74
what are the portions of the lateral olfactory stria?
1. olfactory tubercle
2. cortex of lateral entorhinal
3. anterior cortical amygdala
4. piriformis corrtex
75
what is the trigone?
it is at the end of the olfactory tract where is splits into lateral and medial stria
76
major portion of the brain that sense smell
temporal lobe
77
the olfactory has now many neurons
two
78
the olfactory pathway reaches the ____ cortex (with or without) synapsing at the thalmus?
cerebral
| without synapsing at the thalamus
79
the olfactory receptors are located in the olfactory ______
mucosa
80
the mucosa is located where
1. superior nasal concha*
2. upper nasal septum
3. roof on the nasal cavity
81
what hormones are responsible for the synchronizing of the menstrual cycle
pheromones are sensed by the olfactory system
82
whale vomit is used for?
perfume
83
N1 of the olfactory pathway are what shape?
bipolar
84
what kind of receptors are spread all over the surface of the olfactory mucosa?
chemoreceptors
85
what are chemoreceptors refered to as?
non-motile cilia
86
what are the 3 cells of the olfactory epithelium
olfactory neurons
basal cells
supporting cells
87
cilia are bathed in serous fluid secreted by what?
bowmans serous glands
88
are the cilia depolarized or repolarized when exposed to an odor?
depolarized
89
N2 of the olfactory pathway are what kinds of cells
mitral cells
90
N1 of the olfactory pathways
olfactory axons
91
how long does it take for the receptor cells to adapt
1 minute
92
why is damage to the cribiform plate so dangerous...what is the pt. more susceptible too?
bacterial meningitis
93
damage to the cribiform will cause what to leak
csf
94
supporting cells do what?
provide metabolic support
95
basal cells are responsible for what?
regeneration of the olfactory neurons
96
what portions of the CNS are capable of regeneration of neurons
hippocampus and the basal/olfactory stem cells
97
where does to the olfactory bulb lie
in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid in the anterior cranial fossa
98
what are the most common cells of the olfactory bulb>
the mitral cells
99
what is the continuation of the olfactory bulb?
the olfactory tract
100
lateral olfactory cortex proceeds to what?
the primary olfactory cortex
101
the medial olfactory stria run through what structure to join the 2 olfactory bulbs?
the anterior commissure
102
what stria indirectly connects the 2 olfactory bulbs?
the medial olfactory stria
103
fibers of the medial olfactoroy stria can go where for an emotional response to smell?
the limbic system
104
when you get an emotional response to a smell what portion of the medial stria is responsible for this?
the branch that goes to the limbic system
105
when you are able to percieve what an object is when smelling it, what stria of the olfactory pathway is responsible for this?
the lateral
106
the olfactory tubercle of the lateral stria is responsible for what
emotional response to odor
107
what stria of the olfactory patwahy is the cortex of lateral entorhinal apart of?
the lateral stria
108
what is the cortex of the lateral entorhinal responsible for?
stores short and long term memories associated with smells
109
what gyrus is the cortex of lateral entorhinal apart of?
the parahipocampal
110
what is the anterior cortical amygdala responsible for in the lateral olfactory stria?
visceral response to the smell
111
what portion of the lateral stria of the olfactory system is responsible for regulation of food intake?
the anterior cortical amygdala
112
when you have a sympathetic response to a smell what portion of the lateral stria is responsible for this?
the anterior cortical amygdala
113
piriformis cortex is apart of which stria ?
the lateral
114
piriformis is a part of what portion of the parahippocampal gyrus?
the uncus
115
What is the process of taking an environmental olfactory stimulus and turning it into an electrical one?
Olfactory transduction
116
In order for odors/smells to be detected what must happen?
they must be dissolved in the serous fluid
117
What are functions of the hippocampus?
Consolidate new memories (convert short-term to long-term memories)
Emotions
Navigation
Spatial orientation
Learning
118
Axons of the mitral cells form what?
olfactory tract
119
If the uncus is damaged, what can occur?
Olfactory hallucination
120
Is the Lateral olfactory stria tract ipsilateral or contralateral?
Ipsilateral
121
The entorhinal cortex supplies afferent fibers to what structure of the brain?
hippocampus
122
What is the function of the periamygdaloid cortex?
Play a role in olfactory discrimination
123
The primary olfactory area sends axons to what area?
Olfactory association area
124
What is considered to be the orbital surface of the frontal lobe?
olfactory association area
125
The ___________ of the thalamus has afferent axons going to the orbitofrontal cortex for conscious sensation of odors.
dorsal medial nucleus
126
The __________ is part of the brain associated with decision making, social interactions and foresight. It is involved in defining our goals and plans for activities based on our individually defined criteria
orbitofrontal cortex
127
Do medial olfactory fibers play a role in perception of olfactory stimuli?
no
128
What is the term for loss of smell sensation?*
anosmia
129
What type of papillae are taste buds located in?
All tongue papillae except filiform papillae
130
CN VII via the _______________ supplies the anterior 2/3 of the tongue with taste sensation
chorda tympani
131
CN VII via the ________________ supplies the soft palate taste buds
greater petrosal nerve
132
CN IX via _______________ supplies taste buds on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and part of the pharynx
lingual branch of CN IX
133
What type of fiber is taste?
SVA
134
CN VII via the chorda tympani supplies sensation from what?
taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
135
What are the steps in the taste pathway?
N1: pseudo-unipolar
N2: nucleus tractus solitarius
N3: VPM of the thalamus --> gustatory cortex
136
CN X via the ______________ supplies the epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds of the larynx, part of the pharynx, and the upper esophagus for taste
Superior laryngeal nerve
137
Where is the cell body of the 1st order neuron that supplies taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
geniculate ganglion
138
Where is the cell body of the 1st order neuron that supplies taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
petrosal ganglion/inferior ganglion
139
Where is the cell body of the 1st order neuron that supplies taste from the epiglottis?
nodose ganglion/inferior ganglion
140
The axons from taste form what tract when it enters the spinal cord?
solitary tract
141
Where are 2nd order neurons of taste located?
solitary tract nucleus
142
Pertaining to the tract of taste sensation, where do collaterals run to?
Collaterals run to the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei to induce the reflex secretion of saliva
They also run to DMNX to cause reflex of secretion of gastric juices
143
Where are 3rd order neurons of taste sensation located?
VPM of the thalamus
144
Where is the primary gustatory cortex (area 43) located?
Lower end of the post-central gyrus in the insula
145
What is the brodmann area of taste?
43
146
Taste information is also routed into the hypothalamus and amygdala for what?
Contribution to sensation and feelings of pleasure
147
What CN is the afferent limb which sends fibers to synapse at the nucleus solitarius involved with the gag reflex?
CN IX
148
What CN is the motor component of the gag reflex?
CNX
149
What do lesions of the nucleus ambiguous cause?
Dysphagia and dysarthria
150
What is Ageusia?
loss of taste
151
Damage to what areas can cause loss of taste (ageusia)?
Damage to VPM of thalamus
Damage to parietal operculum
Damaging the primary gustatory cortex
