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Neuroanatomy > Olfactory System > Flashcards

Olfactory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is olfaction also called?

A

Osmatic sense

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2
Q

What are the components of the olfactory system?

A 
Olfactory mucosa
Olfactory nerve
Olfactory bulbs
Olfactory tracts
Olfactory Cortex
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3
Q

Where is the olfactory mucosa located?

A

Located in superior aspect of feach nasal fossa (sphenoethmoid recess)

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4
Q

What areas of the nasal cavity are included in the olfactory mucosa?

A

Median nasal septum and lateral wall

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5
Q

What epithelia type is found in olfactory mucosa?

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar

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6
Q

What are olfactory glands also known as?

A

glands of Bowmen’s

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7
Q

What do Glands of Bowmen’s do?

A

Secretes mucous secretion that covers the olfactory mucosa

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8
Q

What are olfactory cells?

A

bipolar neurons that are modified to serve as the olfactory receptor

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9
Q

What is the length of time for olfactory cell turnover?

A

Active/functional life 2-4 months

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10
Q

What are the morphological features of olfactory cells?

A

Single dendrite that are arborized (branched) branches include odorant receptors in the plasma membrane

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11
Q

Are olfactory cells myelinated?

A

No they are unmyelinated and become the olfactory nerve

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12
Q

What forms olfactory nerves?

A

formed by axons of the olfactory cells

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13
Q

What do the axons have to travel through to enter the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Bundles of axons enter the cranial cavity through the cribiform foramina of the ethmoid bone

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14
Q

Where do the axons that enter the olfactory bulb terminate?

A

In clusters of endings called glomeruli

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15
Q

What are olfactory bulbs?

A

Extension of the brain that is along the ventral surface of the frontal lobe

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16
Q

What is the principal neuron of olfaction?

A

Mitral cells

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17
Q

What is the morphology of mitral cells?

A

Dendrites that arborize within the glomeruli and associate with olfactory cell axons

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18
Q

DO mitral cells communicate with more than one olfactory cell?

A

Yes, one mitral cell communicates with several olfactory cells (convergence helps increase olfactory sensitivity to low odor concentrations)

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19
Q

What cell axons comprise most of the fibers of the olfactory tract and where do they project?

A

Mitral cells comprise most of the fibers of the olfactory tract and project centrally in the brain to the olfactory cortex

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20
Q

What are tufted cells?

A

Another neuron in olfactory bulbs

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21
Q

What is the function of tufted cells?

A

Innervate glomeruli and send some axons through the olfactory tract

22
Q

What cells make up the olfactory tract?

A

Most fibers are from mitral cells but some are from tufted cells

23
Q

Where does the olfactory tract lead to?

A

Olfactory trigone at the base of the brain

24
Q

What does the olfactory trigone do?

A

Appears to split into a lateral olfactory stria and medial olfactory stria

25
Q

Where do most fibers that traverse the lateral olfactory stria go to?

A

The lateral olfactory area of the cerebrum

26
Q

Where do the fibers that make up the intermediate olfactory stria terminate?

A

Anterior perforated substance

27
Q

Does the medial olfactory strai include olfactory tract fibers?

A

No, medial olfactory stria does not include olfactory tract fibers to the septal area as originally thought

28
Q

What does the lateral olfactory area do?

A

Receives input from the olfactory bulbs through fibers of the lateral olfactory stria

29
Q

What does the lateral olfactory area contain?

A

Uncus
Limen Insula
Part of the amygdala

30
Q

What is the uncus?

A

Anterior part of the parahippocompal gyrus

31
Q

What is the limen insula?

A

Cortex of the ventral inferior part of the insula

32
Q

What does the uncus, limen insula and part of the amygdala make?

A

Primary Olfactory area

33
Q

Where is the primary olfactory area found?

A

Largely in the temporal lobe

34
Q

What is the primary olfactory area responsible for?

A

Subjective appreciation of an olfactory stimulus (experience of a smell stimulus)

35
Q

What is the olfactory association area?

A

Cortical areas adjacent to the primary olfacty cortex

36
Q

What does the olfactory association area do?

A

Permits appreciation of significance of and identify different odors

37
Q

What do the lateral olfactory areas together with hippocampus do?

A

Serve as important limbic system structures

Therefore this allows odors to influence our emotion, memories and viseral activities

38
Q

Where is the anterior perforated substance found?

A

positioned between the lateral and medial olfactory stria

39
Q

What does the anterior perforated substance form?

A

Intermediate olfactory area which plays a role in conscious olfaction

40
Q

What do the anterior perforated substance do?

A

These neurons mostly connect to important structures and it is involved in emotional and autonomic responses to odor stimuli

41
Q

How do you test the integrity of the olfactory pathway?

A

Often difficult to distinguish between qualities of smell and taste therefore those who lose smell can’t complain that food doesn’t taste right

42
Q

What protocols should be followed to test olfactory sensations?

A

Each nostril should be tested separately
Substance should have an odor that’s recognizable
Substance should be volatile (aromatic)
Substance must be non-irrative or else pain stimulus occurs

43
Q

What is anosmia?

A

Loss of smell

44
Q

What can interrupt the olfactory pathway?

A

Nasal congestion
Fractures of the ethmoid bone
meningioma in the floor of the anterior cranial fossa

45
Q

How do fractures of the ethmoid bone interrupt olfactory pathways?

A

It disrupts the olfactory nerve

46
Q

How do meningiomas on the floor of the anterior cranial fossa interrupt olfactory pathways?

A

They disrupt the olfactory bulb or tract

47
Q

What are olfactory hallucinations?

A

Inappropriate sensation of olfaction that are almost always unfamiliar and unpleasant

48
Q

What irritative lesion of the lateral olfactory cortex can cause olfactory hallucination?

A

Uncinate seizures

49
Q

What occurs with uncinate seizures?

A

Olfactory hallucinations
Convulsive involuntary movements of the lips and tongue
Mental confusion right after

50
Q

What lobe is the seizure activity occuring for uncinate seizures?

A

In the temporal lobe (uncus)

Neuroanatomy (11 decks)

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