final Flashcards
1
Q
what is the cerebellum knows as
A
the little brain
2
Q
where is the cerebellum located?
A
the posterior cranial fossa
3
Q
are the tonsils inferior to the cerebellum of the vermis?
A
the cerebellum
4
Q
is the uvula inferior to the vermis of the cerebellum?
A
the vermis
5
Q
is the lingula dorsal or ventral to the superior medullary vellum?
A
it is dorsal to it
6
Q
the lingula is dorsal to what structure of the cerebellum?
A
the superior medullary velum
7
Q
the nodule is dorsal to what structure?
A
the inferior medullary vellum
8
Q
what is dorsal to the inferior medullary velum?
A
the nodule
9
Q
how many lobes of the cerebellum are there?
A
3
10
Q
name the lobes of the cerebellum
A
anterior, posterior and the flocculonodular
11
Q
what fissure seperates the anterior and posterior lobes
A
primary fissure
12
Q
what are the 3 parts of the flocculonodular
A
2 floculi and 1 nodule
13
Q
name the 3 phylogenic divisions
A
archicerebellar
paleocerebellar
neocerebellar
14
Q
the oldest phylogenetic division
A
archicerebellar flocculonodular lobe
15
Q
the newest phylogenic division
A
the neocerebellar = posterior lobe
16
Q
the old phylogenic division
A
the paleocerebellar = anterior lobe
17
Q
vermal division of the cerebellar is responsible for
A
posture
18
Q
the paravermal is responsible for
A
skilled volitional movements
19
Q
lateral zone is responsible for what?
A
regulating entire movements
20
Q
main nuclei of lateral zone is the
A
Dentate
21
Q
the main nucleus of the paravermal
A
emboliform and globose
22
Q
the main nucleus of the vermal region
A
fastigal
23
Q
the deep cerebellar nuclei are located on the roof of what ventricle
A
the fourth
24
Q
output of the DCN’s?
A
ICP and the SCP
25
the input of the DCN's?
purkinje cells
26
name the layers of the gray matter
external molecular layer
middle purkinje
internal granular
27
the outer external layer is composed of what cells that are inhibitory to the purkinje cells?
the stellate cells
28
the internal external layer is composed of what cells that are inhibitory to the purkinje cells?
the basket cells
29
purkinje fibers are inhibitory to what and excitatory to what?
+ to the lateral vestibular nuclei
| - to the DCN
30
the granular layer is inhibitory/excitatory to the purkinje cells?
it is excitatory
31
golgi cells synapse with what cells and have what action of the purkinje cells?
synapse with the granular cells and are inhibitory to the purkinje cells
32
what are the name of the affernt fibers that go from the inferior olivary nucleus to the purkinje cells
climbing fibers
33
mossy fibers have what action of granular cells which have what action of the purkinje cells>
they excite the granular cells which inhibit the purkinje cells
34
the reticular formation is composed of what 3 cerebellar regions
the medullar oblongata, pons, midbrain
35
flocculonodular lobe and the vermis recieves information from what?
vestibular appartus
36
the paraverma, vermal and the anterior lobe recieves information what where?
the spinal cord
37
what overall job of the paravermal, vermal and the anterior lobe
the match actual motion with intended motion
38
the ventral spinocerebellar tract enters the cerebellum through what?
the SCP
39
what ventral spinocerbellar deccusates...T?F?
T
40
what is the job of the lateral cerebellar hemisphere
to compare intended vs actual
41
the fastigal nuclei is connected which nuclei that helps with the overall function of the vermis and the flocculonodular lobe?
the vestibular nuclei
42
the globose and emboliform send info to where
the spinal cord
43
the dentate nuclei sends information to what other structures
the thalamus and the cerebral cortex
44
Planning of movement pathway
motor cortex --> pontine -- (MCP)--> lateral cerbeellar hemisphere --> dentate nucleus --> VL nucleus of the thalamus --> motor cortex
45
timing and cordination of mm. pathway
paravermal --> globose and emboliform --(SCP) --> red nucleus of RF --> spinal cord --> paravermal region
46
balance and head eye movement pathway
Flocculonodular --> fastigal nuclei --> vestibular nuclei --> fluccolonodular
47
SCP is also known as the
branchium conjunctivum
48
the peduncle responsible for main output
the brachium conjuctivum (SCP)
49
SCP involves which nucleus?
the dentate
50
the globose and the emboliform affect the ipsilateral or contralteral nuclei?
the contralateral
51
MCP is also known as the
brachium pontine
52
the brachium pontine has an output component... t/f?
false it only has an input
53
which pathways are the MCP associated with?
the contralateral cerebropontocerebellar
54
which fibers are associated with the connection of MCP to the cerebropontocerebellar pathway?
the mossy fibers
55
the ICP is also known as the
restiform body
56
does the ICP only accept input or output?
neither it is mixed
57
what are the affernt fibers of the ICP
the mossy and climbing fibers
58
Posterior cerbellum lobe plays a role in what by releasing what neurotransmitter
fine motor coordination by inhibiting unwanted movements
59
another name for the horizontal fissure?
posterolateral fissure
60
interposed nuclei
emboliform and globose
61
are DCN inside of white or gray matter?
white matter
62
name the DCN's from medial to lateral?
fastigal --> globose --> emboliform --> dentate
63
are DCN's multipolar or pseudounipolar
multipolar
64
glutamine is released a what?
an excitatory neurotransmitter
65
what are the most numerous types of neuron sin the brain?
granular cells
66
cerebellar disease is seen clinical in the contralateral side on body or the ipsilateral?
the ipsilateral
67
what are some clinical findings of a cerebellar lesion
```
ipsilateral:
hypotonia
disturbance of reflexes
* pendular reflexes
ataxia
gait alterations
```
68
what is pendular reflex and when would you see it presented in a pt.?
after applying reflex test the movement continues after being hit.
69
dysdiadochokinesia is what>
unable to perform alternating movement rapidly
70
nystagmus is defined as?
ataxia of the ocular muscles
71
posterior lobe syndrome is known as
neocerebellar lesion
72
what is the most common lesion of the cerebellar?
posterior lobe
73
a neocerebellar lesion is clinical seen in what limbs?
the upper
74
anterior lobe syndrome is commonly seen in what people
alcoholics due to purkinje cell destruction
75
Anterior lobe lesion affects which limbs?
lower
76
what lesion of the cerebellar will result in 'truncal ataxia'?
flocculonodular lesion
77
diencephalon means
between the brain
78
what is the largest portion of the diencephalon?
the thalamus
79
what sensory does the thalamus not recieve
olfaction
80
hypothalamus is located where
inferior and anterior to the thalamus
81
the epithalamus is located where?
superior and posterior to the thalamus
82
the epithalamus contains
pineal body
posterior commissure
habenular nuclei
83
location of the subthalamus
inferior to the thalamus
84
what nuclei of the epithalmus is associated with discrimination between potential actions and subsequent motivation decisions?
the habenular nuclei
85
main part of the epithalmus
pineal gland
86
what is located bilaterally above the midbrain and on either side of the 3rd ventricle?
the thalamus
87
the broad posterior end of the thalamus is called what?
the pulvinar
88
what is the job of the pulvinar
related to visual processing inhigher cortical areas
89
the rostral end of the thalamus is
the anterior thalamic tubercle
90
in ____% of the population there is a __________ that connects the two thalami
70%
| interthalamic adhesion
91
this structure radiates from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex
white matter
92
the external medullary lamina is ______ fibers that run the _____ side of the thalamus close to the ____ capsule
1. myelinated
2. lateral
3. internal capsule
93
internal medullary is what shape?
Y
94
the internal medullary lamine seperates the gray matter into how many subdivisions
3
anterior
medial and lateral
95
anterior nulcei of the thalamus is associated with what
emotions states and memory
96
the dorsal medial nucleus main function
integrating sensory, motor, visceral, and olfactory information subsequently relating it to the persons emotional state
97
the divisions of the dorsal tier of the thalamic nuclei
lateral dorsal
lateral posterior nucleus
pulvinar
98
ventral tier of the thalamic nuclei is subdivided into?
```
ventral anterior
ventral lateral
ventral posterior:
1. VPM
2. VPL
```
99
VPM of the ventral posterior thalamic nuclei uses what pathway
the trigeminothalamic pathway
100
the VPL of the ventral posterior thalamic nuclei uses what lemniscus
the medial
101
intralaminar nuclei of the thalamic nuclei located where?
within the internal medullary lamina
102
midline nuclei located where?
adjacent to the 3rd ventricle and in the interthalmic adhesions
103
location of the reticular nucleus
sandwhiched between the external medullary lamina and the posterior limb of the internal capsule
104
MGB is located on the Posterior or anterior surface of the thalamus
posterior
105
the LGB is located under what structure of the thalamus
the pulvinar
106
the thalamus is the integration of what movements
voluntary
107
what are some non-sensory functions of the thalamus
feelings and personality
emotional status
integration of information
108
disease of the thalamus can be caused by a lesion to which artery
the posterior cerebral artery
109
pt. with thalamic pain syndrome will present with
spontaneous excruciating pain on opposite side of lesions
110
what is thalamic hand and how will it present to the clinic
due to thalamic injury
| contralateral hand is pronated, flexed, MCP is flexed, IP and extended
111
Location of the hypothalamus
below and infront of the thalamus
112
hypothalamus forms the floor of that ventricle
3
113
extent of the hypothalamus
optic chiasm --> mamillary bodies
114
the main arterial blood supply to the hypothalamus
the ACA
115
damage to the mammiillary nucleus results in
spatial memory deficit
116
what splits the hypothalamus into medial and lateral parts?
the fornix
117
which portion of the hypothalamus contains most of the nuclei
the medial
118
the major systems that the hypothalamus effects?
limbic
AND
Endocrine
119
the medial preoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus is responsible for
sexual arousal
120
the suprachiasmatic nucleus plays a role in what rythm
the circadian
121
the anterior nucleus plays a role in what ANS system and overall function
parasympathetic and the role of body temperature ragulation
122
destruction of the anterior nucleus will result in what
hyperthermia
123
paraventricular nucleus synthesizes what 2 hormones... out of the two which one is produced more
ADH and oxytocin
| mostly oxytocin
124
the supraoptic nuclei produces what two hormones....out of the two which one is mostly produced
ADH and Oxytocin
| ADH mostly produced
125
dorsalmedial nucleus is associated with what feelings
rage and aggression
126
the arcuate nuclei play a role in what
inhibiting or exciting the hypophyseal portal circulation
127
mammilary bodies receive information from
hippocampul formation through the fornix
128
what tract does the mammilary nucleus use to reach the anterior nucleus of the thalamus?
the papez circuit
129
posterior hypothalamic nuclei is responsible for what ANS system and overall function?
the sympathetic regulation and thermal regulation
| & vasoconstriction
130
job of the lateral hypothalmic nucleus
induces eating
131
the job of the zona incerta
controls intake of water
132
largest projection fibers of hypothalamus
fornix
133
the fornix projection fibers go between what two brain structures
the hippocamppul and mammillary nuclei
134
the mammillothalmic tract uses what circuit?
the papez
135
the stria terminalis is the major pathway that goes between what two structures
the amygdala and hypothalamus and septa nuclei
136
what tract conducts fibers from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei to the neurohypophysis
the hypothalmohypophyseal tract
137
name a tract that conducts fibers from the arcuate nucleus to the hypophyseal portal circulation
hypothalamohypophyseal tract
138
what kind of fibers are in the hypothalamospinal tract?
preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic
139
inhury to the hypothalamospinal tract will result in what syndrome
horners
140
posterior hypothalamus helps produce and conserve what
heat for thermal regulations
141
which nuclei inhibits the urge to eat
the ventromedial nucleus
142
what is the neural circuit for the control of emotional expression?
the papez circuit
143
fibers of the internal capsule are divided into what
thalamic radiations and cortical efferents
144
thalamic radiations ascend between what structures
the thalamus and the cerebral cortex
145
how many groups does the thalamis radiations have?
4
146
the 4 groups of thalamic radiations
anterior
posterior
superior
inferior
147
anterior thalamic radiations project to what portion of the brain
the frontal
148
the anterior thalamic radiations are located in what portion of the internal capsule?
the anterior limb
149
the superior thalamic radiations run to what lobes of the brain
the frontal and parietal
150
what portion of the internal capsule does the superior thalamic radiations run in
the posterior limb
151
which thalamic radiations run from the primary motor and sensory cortices
superior thalamic radiations
152
the posterior thalamic radiations project to what lobes of the brain
the occipital
153
optic radiation are located in which thalamic radiations
the posterior
154
the inferior thalamic radiations project to which lobe of the brain
the temporal
155
what thalamic radiations contain auditory radiations
inferior
156
corticospinal
| corticobulbar and corticopontine fibers are examples of what
cortical efferents
157
internal capsule is divided into
```
anterior
posterior
genu
sublenticular
retrolenticular
```
158
which portion of the internal capsule separates the caudate from the lenticular nucleus
the anterior
159
the largest portion of the internal capsule
posterior
160
which portion of the internal capsule separates the thalamus from the lenticular nucleus
the posterior
161
the posterior limb of the internal capsule contains what
corticospinal tract and the superior thalamic radiations
162
retrolenticular part contains
optic radiations
163
retrolenticular part of IC is located
behind the posterior limb
164
sublenticular part of IC contains what radiations
auditory
165
which part of the IC passes under the lenticular nucleus to the temporal lobe
sublenticular part
166
damage to the right MCA will have what effects?
damage to the right corticospinal tract and right superior thalamic radiations --> resulting in
contralateral UMN syndrome and contralateral loss of sensory modalities
167
Basal ganglia is involved in most forebrain functions meaning what would happen if there was a lesion
impaired intellectual capacity
| and cognitive aspects of movements
168
putamen and the globus pallidus make up what
the lenticular nucleus
169
functional divisions of BG
striatum/neostriatum and the globus pallidus
170
caudate nucleus involves how many lobes of the brain
3
171
the only input of the BG is
cerebral cortex
172
the striatum is a feedback loop for
the substantia nigra
173
does the substantia nigra excite of inhibit the neostriatum?
inhibits
174
substantia nirga reticularis releases what neurotransmitter
gaba
175
which of the interconnections of the BG is a feedback loop for the subthalamus?
globus pallidus
176
lesions to the subthalamus will result in
ballistic movements
177
where are striatopallidal projections sent to
the globus pallidus
178
all output of the BG is throught what
the globus pallidus
179
output of BG pathway
GP --> VA nucleus of thalamus --> premotor --> motor --> corticospinal tract
180
projection fibers connect what
cerebral cortex to the spinal cord
181
associations fibers do what?
they stay on the same side
182
what do association fibers connect
gyri to gyri or cingulum to arcuate fisciculus
183
largest example of commissural fibers
corpus callosum
184
corpus callosum lies on the floor of what fissure
the longnitudinal
185
anterior commossural fibers connect what
olfactory fibers
186
posterior commissural fibers connect what structures
the pretectal
187
how man broadman areas are there
46
188
BA 4
primary motor
| precentral gyrus
189
BA 6
premotor area
| precentral gyrus
190
lesion to BA 6
apraxia
191
which BA programs and organizes activity
BA 6
192
supplementary motor area does what
coordinates bilateral movements
193
BA 8
frontal eye fields
194
motor area of speech
44 and 45
195
prefrontal cortex BA
9-12
196
3,1,2 BA is for
primary sensory
197
BA 5 and 7
sensory association cortex
198
BA 43
gustatory
199
lesion to BA 5 and 7 will result in
neglect syndrome and astereogenesis
200
BA 17
primary visual cortex
201
Secondary visual cortex
BA 18 & 19
202
BA 41
primary auditory
203
BA 22
secondary auditory
204
Wernickes BA
22 and 42
205
BA 34 and 28
olfactory area
206
sensory aphasia is known as
wernickes aphasia
207
lesion to GP will result in what kind of movements
athetosis and writhing movements
208
lesion to the BG results in
chorea
