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Neuroanatomy > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cerebellum knows as

A

the little brain

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2
Q

where is the cerebellum located?

A

the posterior cranial fossa

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3
Q

are the tonsils inferior to the cerebellum of the vermis?

A

the cerebellum

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4
Q

is the uvula inferior to the vermis of the cerebellum?

A

the vermis

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5
Q

is the lingula dorsal or ventral to the superior medullary vellum?

A

it is dorsal to it

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6
Q

the lingula is dorsal to what structure of the cerebellum?

A

the superior medullary velum

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7
Q

the nodule is dorsal to what structure?

A

the inferior medullary vellum

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8
Q

what is dorsal to the inferior medullary velum?

A

the nodule

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9
Q

how many lobes of the cerebellum are there?

A

3

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10
Q

name the lobes of the cerebellum

A

anterior, posterior and the flocculonodular

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11
Q

what fissure seperates the anterior and posterior lobes

A

primary fissure

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12
Q

what are the 3 parts of the flocculonodular

A

2 floculi and 1 nodule

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13
Q

name the 3 phylogenic divisions

A

archicerebellar
paleocerebellar
neocerebellar

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14
Q

the oldest phylogenetic division

A

archicerebellar flocculonodular lobe

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15
Q

the newest phylogenic division

A

the neocerebellar = posterior lobe

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16
Q

the old phylogenic division

A

the paleocerebellar = anterior lobe

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17
Q

vermal division of the cerebellar is responsible for

A

posture

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18
Q

the paravermal is responsible for

A

skilled volitional movements

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19
Q

lateral zone is responsible for what?

A

regulating entire movements

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20
Q

main nuclei of lateral zone is the

A

Dentate

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21
Q

the main nucleus of the paravermal

A

emboliform and globose

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22
Q

the main nucleus of the vermal region

A

fastigal

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23
Q

the deep cerebellar nuclei are located on the roof of what ventricle

A

the fourth

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24
Q

output of the DCN’s?

A

ICP and the SCP

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25
Q

the input of the DCN’s?

A

purkinje cells

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26
Q

name the layers of the gray matter

A

external molecular layer
middle purkinje
internal granular

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27
Q

the outer external layer is composed of what cells that are inhibitory to the purkinje cells?

A

the stellate cells

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28
Q

the internal external layer is composed of what cells that are inhibitory to the purkinje cells?

A

the basket cells

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29
Q

purkinje fibers are inhibitory to what and excitatory to what?

A

+ to the lateral vestibular nuclei

- to the DCN

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30
Q

the granular layer is inhibitory/excitatory to the purkinje cells?

A

it is excitatory

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31
Q

golgi cells synapse with what cells and have what action of the purkinje cells?

A

synapse with the granular cells and are inhibitory to the purkinje cells

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32
Q

what are the name of the affernt fibers that go from the inferior olivary nucleus to the purkinje cells

A

climbing fibers

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33
Q

mossy fibers have what action of granular cells which have what action of the purkinje cells>

A

they excite the granular cells which inhibit the purkinje cells

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34
Q

the reticular formation is composed of what 3 cerebellar regions

A

the medullar oblongata, pons, midbrain

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35
Q

flocculonodular lobe and the vermis recieves information from what?

A

vestibular appartus

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36
Q

the paraverma, vermal and the anterior lobe recieves information what where?

A

the spinal cord

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37
Q

what overall job of the paravermal, vermal and the anterior lobe

A

the match actual motion with intended motion

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38
Q

the ventral spinocerebellar tract enters the cerebellum through what?

A

the SCP

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39
Q

what ventral spinocerbellar deccusates…T?F?

A

T

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40
Q

what is the job of the lateral cerebellar hemisphere

A

to compare intended vs actual

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41
Q

the fastigal nuclei is connected which nuclei that helps with the overall function of the vermis and the flocculonodular lobe?

A

the vestibular nuclei

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42
Q

the globose and emboliform send info to where

A

the spinal cord

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43
Q

the dentate nuclei sends information to what other structures

A

the thalamus and the cerebral cortex

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44
Q

Planning of movement pathway

A

motor cortex –> pontine – (MCP)–> lateral cerbeellar hemisphere –> dentate nucleus –> VL nucleus of the thalamus –> motor cortex

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45
Q

timing and cordination of mm. pathway

A

paravermal –> globose and emboliform –(SCP) –> red nucleus of RF –> spinal cord –> paravermal region

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46
Q

balance and head eye movement pathway

A

Flocculonodular –> fastigal nuclei –> vestibular nuclei –> fluccolonodular

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47
Q

SCP is also known as the

A

branchium conjunctivum

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48
Q

the peduncle responsible for main output

A

the brachium conjuctivum (SCP)

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49
Q

SCP involves which nucleus?

A

the dentate

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50
Q

the globose and the emboliform affect the ipsilateral or contralteral nuclei?

A

the contralateral

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51
Q

MCP is also known as the

A

brachium pontine

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52
Q

the brachium pontine has an output component… t/f?

A

false it only has an input

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53
Q

which pathways are the MCP associated with?

A

the contralateral cerebropontocerebellar

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54
Q

which fibers are associated with the connection of MCP to the cerebropontocerebellar pathway?

A

the mossy fibers

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55
Q

the ICP is also known as the

A

restiform body

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56
Q

does the ICP only accept input or output?

A

neither it is mixed

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57
Q

what are the affernt fibers of the ICP

A

the mossy and climbing fibers

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58
Q

Posterior cerbellum lobe plays a role in what by releasing what neurotransmitter

A

fine motor coordination by inhibiting unwanted movements

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59
Q

another name for the horizontal fissure?

A

posterolateral fissure

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60
Q

interposed nuclei

A

emboliform and globose

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61
Q

are DCN inside of white or gray matter?

A

white matter

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62
Q

name the DCN’s from medial to lateral?

A

fastigal –> globose –> emboliform –> dentate

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63
Q

are DCN’s multipolar or pseudounipolar

A

multipolar

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64
Q

glutamine is released a what?

A

an excitatory neurotransmitter

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65
Q

what are the most numerous types of neuron sin the brain?

A

granular cells

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66
Q

cerebellar disease is seen clinical in the contralateral side on body or the ipsilateral?

A

the ipsilateral

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67
Q

what are some clinical findings of a cerebellar lesion

A 
ipsilateral:
hypotonia
disturbance of reflexes 
* pendular reflexes
ataxia
gait alterations
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68
Q

what is pendular reflex and when would you see it presented in a pt.?

A

after applying reflex test the movement continues after being hit.

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69
Q

dysdiadochokinesia is what>

A

unable to perform alternating movement rapidly

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70
Q

nystagmus is defined as?

A

ataxia of the ocular muscles

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71
Q

posterior lobe syndrome is known as

A

neocerebellar lesion

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72
Q

what is the most common lesion of the cerebellar?

A

posterior lobe

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73
Q

a neocerebellar lesion is clinical seen in what limbs?

A

the upper

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74
Q

anterior lobe syndrome is commonly seen in what people

A

alcoholics due to purkinje cell destruction

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75
Q

Anterior lobe lesion affects which limbs?

A

lower

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76
Q

what lesion of the cerebellar will result in ‘truncal ataxia’?

A

flocculonodular lesion

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77
Q

diencephalon means

A

between the brain

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78
Q

what is the largest portion of the diencephalon?

A

the thalamus

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79
Q

what sensory does the thalamus not recieve

A

olfaction

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80
Q

hypothalamus is located where

A

inferior and anterior to the thalamus

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81
Q

the epithalamus is located where?

A

superior and posterior to the thalamus

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82
Q

the epithalamus contains

A

pineal body
posterior commissure
habenular nuclei

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83
Q

location of the subthalamus

A

inferior to the thalamus

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84
Q

what nuclei of the epithalmus is associated with discrimination between potential actions and subsequent motivation decisions?

A

the habenular nuclei

85
Q

main part of the epithalmus

A

pineal gland

86
Q

what is located bilaterally above the midbrain and on either side of the 3rd ventricle?

A

the thalamus

87
Q

the broad posterior end of the thalamus is called what?

A

the pulvinar

88
Q

what is the job of the pulvinar

A

related to visual processing inhigher cortical areas

89
Q

the rostral end of the thalamus is

A

the anterior thalamic tubercle

90
Q

in ____% of the population there is a __________ that connects the two thalami

A

70%

interthalamic adhesion

91
Q

this structure radiates from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex

A

white matter

92
Q

the external medullary lamina is ______ fibers that run the _____ side of the thalamus close to the ____ capsule

A
  1. myelinated
  2. lateral
  3. internal capsule
93
Q

internal medullary is what shape?

A

Y

94
Q

the internal medullary lamine seperates the gray matter into how many subdivisions

A

3
anterior
medial and lateral

95
Q

anterior nulcei of the thalamus is associated with what

A

emotions states and memory

96
Q

the dorsal medial nucleus main function

A

integrating sensory, motor, visceral, and olfactory information subsequently relating it to the persons emotional state

97
Q

the divisions of the dorsal tier of the thalamic nuclei

A

lateral dorsal
lateral posterior nucleus
pulvinar

98
Q

ventral tier of the thalamic nuclei is subdivided into?

A 
ventral anterior
ventral lateral
ventral posterior:
1. VPM
2. VPL
99
Q

VPM of the ventral posterior thalamic nuclei uses what pathway

A

the trigeminothalamic pathway

100
Q

the VPL of the ventral posterior thalamic nuclei uses what lemniscus

A

the medial

101
Q

intralaminar nuclei of the thalamic nuclei located where?

A

within the internal medullary lamina

102
Q

midline nuclei located where?

A

adjacent to the 3rd ventricle and in the interthalmic adhesions

103
Q

location of the reticular nucleus

A

sandwhiched between the external medullary lamina and the posterior limb of the internal capsule

104
Q

MGB is located on the Posterior or anterior surface of the thalamus

A

posterior

105
Q

the LGB is located under what structure of the thalamus

A

the pulvinar

106
Q

the thalamus is the integration of what movements

A

voluntary

107
Q

what are some non-sensory functions of the thalamus

A

feelings and personality
emotional status
integration of information

108
Q

disease of the thalamus can be caused by a lesion to which artery

A

the posterior cerebral artery

109
Q

pt. with thalamic pain syndrome will present with

A

spontaneous excruciating pain on opposite side of lesions

110
Q

what is thalamic hand and how will it present to the clinic

A

due to thalamic injury

contralateral hand is pronated, flexed, MCP is flexed, IP and extended

111
Q

Location of the hypothalamus

A

below and infront of the thalamus

112
Q

hypothalamus forms the floor of that ventricle

A

3

113
Q

extent of the hypothalamus

A

optic chiasm –> mamillary bodies

114
Q

the main arterial blood supply to the hypothalamus

A

the ACA

115
Q

damage to the mammiillary nucleus results in

A

spatial memory deficit

116
Q

what splits the hypothalamus into medial and lateral parts?

A

the fornix

117
Q

which portion of the hypothalamus contains most of the nuclei

A

the medial

118
Q

the major systems that the hypothalamus effects?

A

limbic
AND
Endocrine

119
Q

the medial preoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus is responsible for

A

sexual arousal

120
Q

the suprachiasmatic nucleus plays a role in what rythm

A

the circadian

121
Q

the anterior nucleus plays a role in what ANS system and overall function

A

parasympathetic and the role of body temperature ragulation

122
Q

destruction of the anterior nucleus will result in what

A

hyperthermia

123
Q

paraventricular nucleus synthesizes what 2 hormones… out of the two which one is produced more

A

ADH and oxytocin

mostly oxytocin

124
Q

the supraoptic nuclei produces what two hormones….out of the two which one is mostly produced

A

ADH and Oxytocin

ADH mostly produced

125
Q

dorsalmedial nucleus is associated with what feelings

A

rage and aggression

126
Q

the arcuate nuclei play a role in what

A

inhibiting or exciting the hypophyseal portal circulation

127
Q

mammilary bodies receive information from

A

hippocampul formation through the fornix

128
Q

what tract does the mammilary nucleus use to reach the anterior nucleus of the thalamus?

A

the papez circuit

129
Q

posterior hypothalamic nuclei is responsible for what ANS system and overall function?

A

the sympathetic regulation and thermal regulation

& vasoconstriction

130
Q

job of the lateral hypothalmic nucleus

A

induces eating

131
Q

the job of the zona incerta

A

controls intake of water

132
Q

largest projection fibers of hypothalamus

A

fornix

133
Q

the fornix projection fibers go between what two brain structures

A

the hippocamppul and mammillary nuclei

134
Q

the mammillothalmic tract uses what circuit?

A

the papez

135
Q

the stria terminalis is the major pathway that goes between what two structures

A

the amygdala and hypothalamus and septa nuclei

136
Q

what tract conducts fibers from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei to the neurohypophysis

A

the hypothalmohypophyseal tract

137
Q

name a tract that conducts fibers from the arcuate nucleus to the hypophyseal portal circulation

A

hypothalamohypophyseal tract

138
Q

what kind of fibers are in the hypothalamospinal tract?

A

preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic

139
Q

inhury to the hypothalamospinal tract will result in what syndrome

A

horners

140
Q

posterior hypothalamus helps produce and conserve what

A

heat for thermal regulations

141
Q

which nuclei inhibits the urge to eat

A

the ventromedial nucleus

142
Q

what is the neural circuit for the control of emotional expression?

A

the papez circuit

143
Q

fibers of the internal capsule are divided into what

A

thalamic radiations and cortical efferents

144
Q

thalamic radiations ascend between what structures

A

the thalamus and the cerebral cortex

145
Q

how many groups does the thalamis radiations have?

A

4

146
Q

the 4 groups of thalamic radiations

A

anterior
posterior
superior
inferior

147
Q

anterior thalamic radiations project to what portion of the brain

A

the frontal

148
Q

the anterior thalamic radiations are located in what portion of the internal capsule?

A

the anterior limb

149
Q

the superior thalamic radiations run to what lobes of the brain

A

the frontal and parietal

150
Q

what portion of the internal capsule does the superior thalamic radiations run in

A

the posterior limb

151
Q

which thalamic radiations run from the primary motor and sensory cortices

A

superior thalamic radiations

152
Q

the posterior thalamic radiations project to what lobes of the brain

A

the occipital

153
Q

optic radiation are located in which thalamic radiations

A

the posterior

154
Q

the inferior thalamic radiations project to which lobe of the brain

A

the temporal

155
Q

what thalamic radiations contain auditory radiations

A

inferior

156
Q

corticospinal

corticobulbar and corticopontine fibers are examples of what

A

cortical efferents

157
Q

internal capsule is divided into

A 
anterior
posterior
genu
sublenticular
retrolenticular
158
Q

which portion of the internal capsule separates the caudate from the lenticular nucleus

A

the anterior

159
Q

the largest portion of the internal capsule

A

posterior

160
Q

which portion of the internal capsule separates the thalamus from the lenticular nucleus

A

the posterior

161
Q

the posterior limb of the internal capsule contains what

A

corticospinal tract and the superior thalamic radiations

162
Q

retrolenticular part contains

A

optic radiations

163
Q

retrolenticular part of IC is located

A

behind the posterior limb

164
Q

sublenticular part of IC contains what radiations

A

auditory

165
Q

which part of the IC passes under the lenticular nucleus to the temporal lobe

A

sublenticular part

166
Q

damage to the right MCA will have what effects?

A

damage to the right corticospinal tract and right superior thalamic radiations –> resulting in
contralateral UMN syndrome and contralateral loss of sensory modalities

167
Q

Basal ganglia is involved in most forebrain functions meaning what would happen if there was a lesion

A

impaired intellectual capacity

and cognitive aspects of movements

168
Q

putamen and the globus pallidus make up what

A

the lenticular nucleus

169
Q

functional divisions of BG

A

striatum/neostriatum and the globus pallidus

170
Q

caudate nucleus involves how many lobes of the brain

A

3

171
Q

the only input of the BG is

A

cerebral cortex

172
Q

the striatum is a feedback loop for

A

the substantia nigra

173
Q

does the substantia nigra excite of inhibit the neostriatum?

A

inhibits

174
Q

substantia nirga reticularis releases what neurotransmitter

A

gaba

175
Q

which of the interconnections of the BG is a feedback loop for the subthalamus?

A

globus pallidus

176
Q

lesions to the subthalamus will result in

A

ballistic movements

177
Q

where are striatopallidal projections sent to

A

the globus pallidus

178
Q

all output of the BG is throught what

A

the globus pallidus

179
Q

output of BG pathway

A

GP –> VA nucleus of thalamus –> premotor –> motor –> corticospinal tract

180
Q

projection fibers connect what

A

cerebral cortex to the spinal cord

181
Q

associations fibers do what?

A

they stay on the same side

182
Q

what do association fibers connect

A

gyri to gyri or cingulum to arcuate fisciculus

183
Q

largest example of commissural fibers

A

corpus callosum

184
Q

corpus callosum lies on the floor of what fissure

A

the longnitudinal

185
Q

anterior commossural fibers connect what

A

olfactory fibers

186
Q

posterior commissural fibers connect what structures

A

the pretectal

187
Q

how man broadman areas are there

A

46

188
Q

BA 4

A

primary motor

precentral gyrus

189
Q

BA 6

A

premotor area

precentral gyrus

190
Q

lesion to BA 6

A

apraxia

191
Q

which BA programs and organizes activity

A

BA 6

192
Q

supplementary motor area does what

A

coordinates bilateral movements

193
Q

BA 8

A

frontal eye fields

194
Q

motor area of speech

A

44 and 45

195
Q

prefrontal cortex BA

A

9-12

196
Q

3,1,2 BA is for

A

primary sensory

197
Q

BA 5 and 7

A

sensory association cortex

198
Q

BA 43

A

gustatory

199
Q

lesion to BA 5 and 7 will result in

A

neglect syndrome and astereogenesis

200
Q

BA 17

A

primary visual cortex

201
Q

Secondary visual cortex

A

BA 18 & 19

202
Q

BA 41

A

primary auditory

203
Q

BA 22

A

secondary auditory

204
Q

Wernickes BA

A

22 and 42

205
Q

BA 34 and 28

A

olfactory area

206
Q

sensory aphasia is known as

A

wernickes aphasia

207
Q

lesion to GP will result in what kind of movements

A

athetosis and writhing movements

208
Q

lesion to the BG results in

A

chorea

Neuroanatomy (11 decks)

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