Spatial, Rural, Waterfronts

Question 1

Metropolitan Planning Organization

Answer 1

A local governmental unit that has legal
jurisdiction over a geographic area for
government service planning such as
transportation and land-use planning.

Question 2

Silent Spring

Answer 2

Silent Spring is an environmental science book by Rachel Carson. The book was published on September 27, 1962, documenting the adverse environmental effects caused by the indiscriminate use of pesticides.

Question 3

Housing Acts

Answer 3

-1949 Housing Act (Wagner-Ellender-Taft Bill). First U.S. comprehensive housing legislation. Aimed to construct about 800,000 units. Inaugurated urban redevelopment program.

Question 4

Empowerment & Enterprise Zone Acts

Answer 4

-An empowerment zone is an economically distressed community eligible to receive tax incentives and grants from the United States federal government under the Empowerment Zones and Enterprise Communities Act of 1993.

Question 5

Telecommunications Act of 1996

Answer 5

-Telecommunications Act of 1996 is the first major overhaul of telecommunications law in almost 62 years. The goal of this new law is to let anyone enter any communications business – to let any communications business compete in any market against any other.

Question 6

Patrick Geddes

Answer 6

1909 Valley Section (relation to transects)

Question 7

Mumford

Answer 7

1938 Culture or Cities

Question 8

Lewis Mumford

Answer 8

Prolific author on the field of urban planning - The Culture of Cities (1938) - Mumford inspired city and regional planning efforts in America. He was an outspoken critic of the Regional Plan of NY (1929). He was a member of the Regional Planning Association of America - Sunnyside Gardens, New York, Radburn, New Jersey, (City Housing Corporation).

Question 9

Cities in Transition (PAS 568)

Answer 9

-Most urban planning tools are designed to manage growth. What happens when the process runs in reverse? How can cities deal effectively with job and population loss, property vacancies, and economic retrenchment?

This vital report offers step-by-step guidance for reviving cities in transition. Although the authors look at the challenges these communities face — from an aging population to urban sprawl to natural disasters — they focus on solutions.

Cities in Transition suggests workable, scalable strategies for revitalizing cities and inner-ring suburbs. It describes the planner’s role in building civic and policy support for creative approaches. And it shows how traditional planning tools can adapt to today’s needs. In case studies from cities in the Rust Belt, the Sun Belt, and abroad, readers will find examples of urban recovery at work. Planners, policy makers, and community leaders will come away with concrete ideas for making transitional cities stronger, healthier, and more resilient.

Question 10

The High Cost of Free Parking

Answer 10

The High Cost of Free Parking is a non-fiction urban planning book by UCLA professor Donald Shoup. It deals with the costs of free parking policies on society. It is structured as a criticism of how parking is planned and regulated, especially the use of parking minimums and off-street parking requirements.

Question 11

Urban Canyon Heat Island Effect

Answer 11

-An urban heat island (UHI) is a metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surroundings.Tall buildings and narrow streets can heat air trapped between them and reduce air flow. Waste heat from vehicles, factories, and air conditioners may add warmth to their surroundings, further exacerbating the heat island effect.

Question 12

Smart Cities

Answer 12

-communities that are using technology to be intelligent about their growth, quality of life, inclusivity, sustainability, and resiliency.;

Question 13

Zombie Subdivisions

Answer 13

-Lying half-completed and unused, many market experts began to describe these neighborhoods as zombie developments or zombie subdivisions. Such zombie neighborhoods can be found all over America, especially in the rural areas and far suburbs that were expanding prior to the financial crisis and economic downturn.

Question 14

Edge Cities (Tyson’s Corner)

Answer 14

Joel Garreau: Some rules to follow for what can be considered an edge city were outlined by Garreau in 1991. The first rule was that the area should occupy a vast space of at least five million square feet or 465,000 square meters. Furthermore, the area of land should be in a leasable office space. Secondly, the leasable retail space should be at least 56,000 square meters or 600,000 square feet. Thirdly, the jobs should be more than the bedrooms, a strategy that ensures that they give work and business priority. Fourthly, its population must perceive that an edge city is a single place that is united. Lastly, there should be no indication that the place had been a town in the last 30 years.

Question 15

Edgeless Cities

Answer 15

-Book by Robert Lang. Edgeless cities are a sprawling form of development that accounts for the bulk of office space found outside of downtowns. Every major metropolitan area has them: vast swaths of isolated buildings that are neither pedestrian friendly, nor easily accessible by public transit, and do not lend themselves to mixed use.

Question 16

Rural by Design

Answer 16

-Randall Arendt is a Strong Towns member and author of the book, Rural by Design: Planning for Town and Country. This is the second edition of a planning classic, focusing on infilling neighborhoods, strengthening town centers, and moving development closer to schools, shops, and jobs, and, while the title is Rural by Design, the concepts are relevant for towns of all sizes, located in urban and suburban areas as well as rural.

Question 17

Regional Survey of New York & its Environs

Answer 17

-First Regional Plan was to guide the development of the New York metropolitan area and enhance the quality of life of residents, without regard to political boundaries. In 1922, some of the region’s most prominent urban planning experts and civic leaders joined forces to survey, analyze, and develop a comprehensive plan to make the region a better place to work and live.

The Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs was a major advancement in the field of urban planning. Previous efforts had generally focused on individual cities, rather than on large areas encompassing many urban centers and stretching across state boundaries. The First Regional Plan aimed to re-order the metropolitan area in a more rational way, with land uses organized and appropriate transportation options provided. It proposed an elaborate network of highways, railroads, and parks, along with residential and industrial centers, as the foundation of the physical and social development of the region.

This landmark effort led to the incorporation of Regional Plan Association to foster urban planning and to help make the ideas within the First Plan a reality.

Question 18

PDRs

Answer 18

public program to pay landowners the fair market value of their development rights in exchange for a permanent conservation easement that restricts development of the property. PDR programs are strictly voluntary and are usually funded by the sale of bonds or property tax revenues.

Question 19

conservation easements

Answer 19

-A
nonpossessory interest in real property
imposing limitations or affirmative obligations,
the purposes of which include retaining
or protecting natural, scenic, or
open space values of real property; assuring
its availability for agricultural, forest,
recreational, or open space use; protecting
natural resources; or maintaining air
or water quality. (

Question 20

land trusts

Answer 20

-A private, nonprofit conservation
organization formed to protect natural
resources, such as productive farm and
forest land, natural areas, historic structures,
and recreational areas. Land trusts
purchase and accept donations of conservation easements. They educate the public about the need to conserve land, and
some provide land-use and estate planning
services to local governments and
individual citizens.

Question 21

TDRs

Answer 21

• Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) is a zoning technique used to permanently protect land with conservation value (such as farmland, community open space, or other natural or cultural resources) by redirecting development that would otherwise occur on this land (the sending area) to an area planned to accommodate

Question 22

cluster zoning

Answer 22

-Cluster zoning is a type of zoning in which density is determined for an entire area, rather than on a lot-by-lot basis. Within the cluster zone, the developer has greater flexibility in designing and placing structures. The overall density requirement should be met by the developer.

Question 23

down zoning

Answer 23

• assign (land or property) to a zoning grade under which the permitted density of housing and development is reduced.

Question 24

urban growth boundary

Answer 24

• An urban growth boundary (UGB) separates urban areas from the surrounding natural and agricultural lands, or greenbelts. The most studied example of urban growth boundaries is that of Portland, Oregon. In the 1970’s, the State of Oregon passed laws requiring every city and metropolitan area to designate an urban growth boundary.

Question 25

Letchworth

Answer 25

first garden city

Question 26

right to farm laws

Answer 26

protect from nuisance lawsuits

Question 27

right to farm laws

Answer 27

All 50 states have a right-to-farm law. This act protects farms using commonly accepted agricultural practices from being considered a nuisance in agriculturally zoned areas.

Question 28

Spur Industries v Del Webb

Answer 28

• Right To Farm law: Del E. Webb Development Co. (plaintiff) was developing a retirement community for senior citizens on land it purchased adjacent to a plot owned by Spur Industries, Inc. (Spur) (defendant). Spur was a company involved in the raising of cattle. Webb Development’s purchase of its land occurred after the initial presence of the cattle farm. Webb Development brought suit against Spur because it argued that the smell from the cattle operations was a nuisance, and should be enjoined. The trial court agreed with Webb Development. Spur petitioned for certiorari to the Supreme Court of Arizona.

Question 29

Coming to the nuisance

Answer 29

• “first come first serve” - Individuals who have knowledge of a foreseeable nuisance in an area, but still choose to build, operate a business, or reside in that area may not be entitled to relief from the nuisance.

Question 30

greenways

Answer 30

-A
linear park, alternative transportation
route, or open space conservation area
approved by the [local commission] that
provides passive recreational opportunities,
pedestrian and/or bicycle paths,
and/or the conservation of open spaces
or natural areas, as indicated in a
greenway plan adopted by the commission.

Question 31

Clean Water Act of 1972

Answer 31

-The Clean Water Act is a U.S. federal law that regulates the discharge of pollutants into the nation’s surface waters, including lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands, and coastal areas. Passed in 1972 and amended in 1977 and 1987, the Clean Water Act was originally known as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

Question 32

Water Quality Act of 1987

Answer 32

-or Clean Water Act, The CWA is the principle law governing pollution control and water quality of the Nation’s waterways. The object of the CWA is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the Nation’s waters

Question 33

Watersheds

Answer 33

-A land area, also known as a drainage
area, which collects precipitation and contributes
runoff to a receiving body of water
or point along a watercourse.

Question 34

Aquifers

Answer 34

-Land areas determined to overlay water
saturated stratified drift deposits of sands
and/or gravels capable of yielding private
and public potable water supplies

Question 35

Water Tables

Answer 35

-The upper limit of the
portion of the soil that is completely saturated
with water. The seasonal high-water
table is the highest level to which the
soil is saturated, as may be indicated by
mottling (soil color patterns).

Question 36

Economic Development v Economic Growth

Answer 36

-Economic growth means an increase in real national income / national output. Economic development means an improvement in the quality of life and living standards, e.g. measures of literacy, life-expectancy and health care.

Question 37

Harborplace

Answer 37

-Harborplace is a festival marketplace in Baltimore, located on the inner harbor, that opened in 1980 as a centerpiece of the revival of downtown.

Question 38

James Rouse

Answer 38

• vision for Colombia, Maryland sustainability

Question 39

Easement

Answer 39

• The right to use property owned by another
  for specific purposes or to gain access
  to another property. For example,
  utility companies often have easements
  on the private property of individuals to
  be able to install and maintain utility facilities.