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Spain Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

What was the original name for Cava?

A

Champaña

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2
Q

What was the major change to winemaking in Spain in the 1850-1860s?

A

Many French wine makers and merchants came to Spain to flee phylloxera. This large influx was seen in all parts of the country but mainly Rioja. Bordeaux trained Marqués de Riscal and Marqués de Murrieta returned to Rioja with varietals and lessons from The Medoc. The major change was the change to American oak as a financial choice due to trans Atlantic colonial trade.

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3
Q

What was the major influence on Spanish wine from 1930 to 1975?

A

Fascistism under the dictator Francisco Franco. This crippled economic freedoms

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4
Q

What are the Spanish appellation terms and laws?

A
  • DO - Donominacion de Origen
  • DOCa - Donominacion de Origen Calificada
  • DO Pago - highest level of quality, requires surpassing basic standards in areas suggestive of higher quality wine making (lower yields, ect) and show international praise + 10+ years of quality wine making. Many have passed through this system quickly. There is little interest in this system in more prestigious regions such as Rioja.
  • VCIG - Vinos de Calidad con Indicacion Geografica - once considered a stepping stone to DO level
  • VdlT - Vino de la Tierra - lowest level quality, not considered part of DOP scheme
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5
Q

What are the Spanish aging catergories for both white and red? What exceptions are there?

A

Few major regions have more stringent requirements (Rioja, Ribera del Duero) and many see these terms as old fashioned and are eliminating them from their bottlings.

All aging must be done in oak casks with a maximum capacity of 330L, all measurements are minimums

•Crianza

  • Red- 2 years, 6 months oak
  • White- 18 months, 6 months oak

•Reserva

  • Red- 3 years, 1 year oak
  • White- 2 years, 6 months oak

•Gran reserva

  • Red- 5 years, 18 months oak
  • White- 4 years, 6 months oak

Any DOP wine may also use the following for x number of months aging in cask less than 600L or bottle

  • Noble - 18 months
  • Anejo - 24 months
  • Viejo- 36 months (must demonstrate marked oxidative character)
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6
Q

What is the flavour profile of a Rioja wine?

A

The traditional red wine aged in oak cask has muted red fruits, firm acidity and heavy aromas of dill, vanilla and cedar.

More modern expressions show French oak, more extraction and riper, darker fruits.

White wine are traditionally wood toned, textural and oxidative but modern styles can be clean and fruity.

Rioja whites may occasionally be off dry

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7
Q

What are the authorised grapes of Rioja?

A 
Red
•Tempranillo
•Garnacha 
•Manzuelo
•Graciano
•Maturana Tinta
White
•Viura(Macabeo- major grape)
•Chardonnay 
•Sauv Blanc
•Verdejo
•Malvasia
•Garnacha Blanca
•Tempranillo Blanca
•Maturana Blanca
•Turruntes
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8
Q

What mountian range separates Spain from France?

A

Pyrenees mountains

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9
Q

What peninsula does Spain mostly occupy?

A

The Iberian peninsula

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10
Q

What is Airen? What kind of wine does it make?

A

Airen is Spain’s most planes white grape. Most of it is distilled into brandy. Mainly planted in the Castilla- La Mancha

Neutral, citrus and almond, Moderate in acidity and alcohol with a light body

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11
Q

What are the major grapes of Cava?

A

Macabeo, Xarel-Lo, Parellada although Pinot noir and Chardonnay are allowed

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12
Q

What is the difference is aging requirements for Rioja?

A

Crianza - 2 years aging and 1 year in oak (+6 months in oak)

Reserva - same

Gran Reserva - 2 years oak and 2 years in bottle with a minimum of 60 months (compared to 5 years total and 18 months in oak)

Riojas must be aged in 225L casks - Bariques

For white and rosados- crianza may be aged in steel but Reserva and Gran Reserva must see at least some time in oak

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13
Q

What is the major village of Rioja?

A

Haro

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14
Q

What are the major sub regions of Rioja and their differences?

A
  • Rioja Alavesa - smallest most northern sub region. Often produces vino joven, light style early drinking. Some carbonic, high % calcareous clay. Tempranillo
  • Rioja Alta - Southwest, slightly warmer than Alavesa, classic, ageworthy tempranillo, Mazuelo(carignan) and Graciano. High % Calcareous clay.
  • Rioja Oriental (Formerly Rioja Baja) - eastern region, hottest, Garnacha excels here. Alluvial soils and ferrous clay.
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15
Q

What does each of the major sub regions of Rioja offer if chosen to be blended together?

A
  • Rioja Alavesa - freshness
  • Rioja Alta - acidity and structure
  • Rioja Oriental - Extract and alcoholic warmth
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16
Q

PRODUCER PROFILE

Lopez de Heredia

A

Lopez de Heredia - staunch traditionalists of Rioja that produce single vineyard expressions from all over Rioja. Also keep to the Spanish tradition of aging in the bodega until the wine is released when ready for consumption. (Current crianza - 10 years old, current Gran Reserva - 25 years)

Famous sites

  • Bosconia
  • Tondonia
  • Ysios
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17
Q

What constitutes a single vineyard in Rioja?

A

Rioja had no legal legislation for single vineyards until 2017. To now register a single vineyard for legal print on a label the vineyard must-

  • Pass soil inspection
  • vines must be minimum 35 years old
  • Estate must prove that it has worked with the vineyard for 10+ years
  • Wines must pass a tasting panel
  • Grapes are hand harvested
  • Significantly lower yields than regional wines
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18
Q

What is Vino Espumoso de Calidad? What kind of wine does it produce?

A

Vino Espumoso de Calidad (literally translates to quality sparkling wine) is a traditional method sparkling wine from Rioja. The wines use traditional Rioja varietals (roses must use min 25% red grapes).

Permitted styles: brut, extra brut, brut nature

Aging: Crianza: 15 months on lees
Reserva: 24 months
Gran Reserva: 36 months

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19
Q

What is Rosado?

A

Spanish term for Rose

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20
Q

What is Navarra? What kind of wines does it produce?

A

Navarra is a northern Spain wine region on the northeastern boarder of Rioja. While famous for its rosado this only makes up 30% of its production(60% red, 10% white). Area of increasing quality.

Grapes
•Red - Garnacha & Tempranillo, some other French(Cab sauv, Merlot, Pinot noir)
•White - Majority Chardonnay

5 subregions
-3 Northern 
•Valdizarbe(higher altitude)
•Baja Montana
•Tierra Estella
-1 central
•Ribera Alta
-1 hot southern 
•Ribera Baja

3 DOC Pago in region

  • Valdizarbe - Bodegas Otazu
  • Tierra Estella - Senorio de Arinzano
    - Prado Irache
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21
Q

What is Aragon and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Aragon is a northern Spanish wine autonomia containing 4 DOs listed.

  • Campo de Borja- overlaps with the south of Rioja Oriental and Ribera Baja, Garnacha, some Tempranillo for reds and rosados, Viura for whites.
  • Carinena - SSE of Rioja/Navarra, ancestral home of carignan/Mazuelo but now Garnacha dominated
  • Calatayud - south of Rioja/Navarra and west of Carinena, the region is majority Garnacha
  • Somontano - meaning beneath the mountain, located at the foothills of Pyrenees and east of Rioja/ Navarra. Up and coming wine region using local white Alcañón and red parraleta as well as other Spanish and international varietals
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22
Q

What are the regions of Northern Spain and their major subregions?

A

•Navarra

  • Valdizarbe
  • Baja Montaña
  • Tierra Estella
  • Ribera Alta
  • Ribera Baja

•Rioja

  • Rioja Alavesa
  • Rioja Alta
  • Rioja Baja

•Aragon

  • Campo de Borja
  • Calatayud
  • Cariñena
  • Somontano
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23
Q

What is “Green Spain”

A

Green Spain refers to the north western corner of Spain and the autonomia of Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria and Pais Vasco(Basque Country)

24
Q

What is the autonomia of Galicia? What kind of wines does it produce and what are it’s sub regions?

A

This is the north western region of Spain famous for its cooler maritime climate thanks to bordering on the Atlantic oceans and its crisp style of white wines.

It's 5 DOs are 
•Rias Baixas
•Ribeiro
•Valdeorras
•Ribeira Sacra
•Monterrei
25
Q

What is Rias Baixas and what kind of wine does it produce?

A 
Rias Baixas is a north western Spanish wine region of Galicia. The region has 5 sub regions of 
•Val do Salnes
•Ribeira do Ulla
•Soutomaior
•O Rosal
•Condado do Tea

While varietally labeled Albariño is 100% the grape, the regionally labeled wines vary.

Whites from northern regions (Val do Salnes + Ribeira do Ulla)
70% Albariño, Loureiro, Treixadura, Cairo Blanco

Whites from southern regions (O Rosal + Condado do Tea)
-Min 70% Albariño + Loureiro or Treixadura

Reds
-Caino, Espadeiro, Mencia

96% of the regions vineyards are donated to Albariño and some do see barrel ferment

26
Q

What is Ribeiro and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Located in north western Spain just east of Rias Baixas, Ribeiro is one of Spain’s oldest wine regions. Focusing on production of white- Treixadura and red - caino. The dried grape wine, Vino Tostado is a local speciality

27
Q

What is Ribera Sacra and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Ribera Sacra is a wine region of the Galicia autonomia in western Spain. Known as the sacred bank for its high number of churches, the region is north east of Ribeiro. Known for white - Treixadura and Godello, red - Mencia. The region has similarly sloped terraces as the northern Rhone, built by romans 2000ish years ago.

5 subregions of,
•Amandi
•Chantada 
•Quiroga-Bibei
•Riberas do Sil
•Riberas do Mino
28
Q

What is Valdeorras and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Valdeorras is Galicia’s eastern most wine producing area in the northwest of Spain. While producing some pleasant reds the region is well known for clean, fruit driven, high acid godello

29
Q

What is Monterrei and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Monterrei is the southern most DO of Galicia in north western Spain and is made up of only a few wineries

30
Q

What are the 3 minor autonomia of green Spain? Which one is most important?

A
  • Asturias
  • Cantabria
  • Pais Vasco

Of which Pais Vasco is the only one to produce DO wines

31
Q

What is Pais Vasco and what kind of wines does it produce?

A

Pais Vasco is a minor autonomia of green Spain in the north west of the country. The region has 3 DOs
•Getariako Txakolina
•Bizkaiko Txakolina
•Arabako Txakolina

While all 3 may be red, rosados or white majority are white from the Ondarrabi Zuri grape. Ondarrabi Beltza is the local red grape of Getariako.

Txakolina wines are a perfect complement for oily seafood with low alc, high lemony acidity and a light effervescence. Should be consumed in their youth

32
Q

What is Castilla y León and what are it’s sub regions?

A 
Castilla y León is Spain's largest autonomia, located in the centre of the country. Continental climate with extreme highs and lows in temperatures. Most of the major subregions exist following the Duero river.
From west to east(river flow)
•Ribera del Duero
•Rueda
•Toro
•Tierra del Vino de Zamora 
•Arribes

Off the river
•Arlanza (North of Ribera del Duero)
•Cigales (West of both Ribera del Duero and Arlanza)
•Tierra de Leon
•Bierzo (Both on the mountainous north western boarder of the region)

33
Q

What is Bierzo and what kind of wines does it produce?

A

Bierzo is a Spanish wine DO from the north west of Castilla y Leon. Made in the valleys of the Sils river It’s most famous grape is Mencia. It comprises min 70% of reds and 50% of roses but modern serious bottlings are mostly 100% varietal. White wines of Godello and Dona Blanca are showing quality but palomino dominates plantings.

Mencia is a well rounded wine with mid levels of body, structure, deep colour and flavours of sour cherry, strawberry, raspberry, black liquorish, crushed gravel and cherry pip. Spicy peppery flavours.

Top producers: Alvaro Palacios and Ricardo Perez for the winery Descendientes de J. Palacios

The village of Corullón has the steepest slopes and terrible schist souls perfect for high quaility wine production.

34
Q

What is Tierra de Leon and what kind of wines does it produce?

A

Tierra de León is a Spanish DO of north western Castilla del León. It was upgraded from Vino de la Tierra in 2007.

Major grapes include Mencia and the regional Prieto Picudo

35
Q

What is Clarete and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Clarete is a Spanish style of rose cofermented from red and white grapes. The wine is a Spanish staple known in both Rioja and Ribera Del Duero. The range of grapes is extensive but Tempranillo and Viura is typical. The wine is treated more seriously than classic rose and can be treated with barrel aging and battonage. Structure

36
Q

What are the aging statements and requirements of Ribera del Duero?

A

No age statements are required by law
•Joven : less than 3 months in oak

•Roble/Barrica: Min 3 months in oak (max 330lt)

-Blanc/Rosado/Clarete
•Crianza - Min 18 months, 6 in oak
•Reserva - Min 24 months, 6 in oak
•Gran Reserva - Min 48 months, 6 in oak

-Tinto
•Crianza - Min 24 months, 12 in oak(max 330L)
•Reserva - Min 36 months, 12 in oak
•Gran Reserva - Min 60 months, 24 in oak

37
Q

What is Tinto del Pais?

A

Tinto del Pais is the regional name of Tempranillo in Ribera Del Duero

38
Q

What is Ribera Del Duero and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Ribera Del Duero is a northern Central Spanish wine region south of Rioja in Castilla y Leon.

The region first gained prestige from Vega Silica’s benchmark wine Unico (Bordeaux blend) in the 1929 Barcelona worlds fair. However the region remained with only one star until Pesquera made waves in the mid 80s.

Since then mainly major winery’s have been established including Dominio de Pingus and Aalto.

White-
•Min 75% Albillo Mayor

Rosado/Clarete-
•Min 50% Authorised red grapes

Tinto-
•Min 75% Tempranillo
Garnacha, Cab Sauv and Bordeaux is also cultivated

39
Q

What is Rueda and what kind of wine does it make?

A

Rueda is a Spanish wine region I Castilla y Leon. Along the Duero river west of Ribera del Duero.

This wine region produces all styles of wine and are listed as

White-
Verdejo was rejuvenated here by Marques de Riscal in the 1970s as a crisp refreshing counterpart to Riojas oxidative, sherry like style.
•must now be Min 50% Verdejo or Sauvignon. Often blended with Viura but may also contain Viognier and Chard

Red-
Dominated by Tempranillo

Rosado-
•Min 50% red grapes

Sparkling - Espumoso
•May be rose or white
•Brut must be 75% Verdejo or Sauv Blanc

Fortified - Dorado
• occasionally dry, oxidised. Dying style rarely seen outside of Spain.

40
Q

What is Toro and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Toro is a Spanish wine region in Castilla Y Leon on the on the Duero river just west of Rueda and Ribera del Duero.

While whites can be produced from Verdejo and Malvasia and Rosadas from Tinto del Toro and Garnacha or 100% Garnacha. It is the reds that are prized from the region.

Tinto del Toro is a local mutation of Tempranillo and wines must contain at least 75%, most great wines are 100% varietal.

Top producers include Fariña and Numanthia-Termes and are now joined by Vega Silica’s bodegas Pinta. This is a up and coming region

41
Q

What is Tierra Del Vino de Zamora and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Tierra del Vino de Zamora is a Spanish wine region of Castilla y Leon on the Duero river just west of Toro and Ribera del Duero.

Producing white, rosado, Clarete and most famously red (Min 75% Tempranillo). The regions main claim is Pesquera (Vega Silica’s oldest rival of Ribera del duero) vineyard Dehesa la Granja.

42
Q

What is Arribes and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Arribes is a Spanish wine region of Castilla y Leon directly on the boarder with Portugal.

This region claims Rufete and several other red grapes to join Tempranillo in its blends.

Whites are produced from Malvasia, Verdejo, Albilla

43
Q

What are the Spanish wine regions from east to west along the Duero river?

A
  • Arribes
  • Tierra del Vino de Zamora
  • Toro
  • Rudea
  • Ribera del Duero
44
Q

What is Cigales and what kind of wines does it produce?

A

Cigales is a Spanish wine region of Castilla y Leon situated north west of Ribera del Duero.

Region produces Garnacha and Tempranillo based reds but is more famed for its rosado and nuevo (primeur) rosado production.

45
Q

What is Arlanza and what kind of wines does it produce?

A

Arlanza is a Spanish wine region of Castilla y Leon directly north or Ribera del Duero. It is one of Spain’s newest DOs established in 07.

Produces reds and whites from Bordeaux and Duero varietals

46
Q

What are the 5 Clos of Priorat?

A

The 5 Clos of priorat are the original wines of the wine makers who made the first true vintage of priorat wines in 1979.

  • Rene Barbier “Clos Mogador”
  • Palacios “Clos Dofi”
  • “Clos Erasmus”
  • “Clos de l’Obac”
  • “Clos Martinet”

Originally released as Vino de Mesa

47
Q

What is Priorat and what kind of wines does it produce?

A

Priorat is a northeastern Spanish wine region, located in the south of Catalonia. Priorat was the second DOCa in Spain

The wines can be white and rose but are almost entirely red. Garnacha and Carignan are the 2 major grapes but a mix of French and Spanish grapes can be found. These are some of the most intense red wines of Spain.

In 2009 Priorat established a village catergory.

Soils are shist heavy, rocky and terrible for growing in. Llicorella is found in the best sites

Alcohol can reach and exceed 18% without management

48
Q

What is Llicorella?

A

Llicorella is a black slate and quartzite soil found in the top sites of priorat that helps to reflect and retain the suns heat.

49
Q

What is Monsant and what kind of wines does it produce?

A

Monsant is a North eastern Spanish wine region in Catalunya. It is a larger region that entirely surrounds Priorat. It produces similar Garnacha and Carinena based wines of deep colour and high concentration but does not have the same levels of quality as top Priorat

50
Q

What is mistela and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Mistela is a Spanish vin de liquor, a sweet fortified wine that has had its fermentation ended early with a grape based distalit(mutage). Typically done with the white grapes macabeo and xarel Lo

51
Q

What is Tarragona and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Tarragona is a north eastern Spanish DO of Catalunya. It is a large region on the Mediterranean coast of the region that while historically made mistela and Racino fortified wines they are now a major region of Cava and the associated white grapes of Macabeo, Xarel-Lo and Parellada.

Communion wine for Christian comunities also makes up a large percentage of the regions trade.

52
Q

What is Terra Alta and what kind of wines does it produce?

A

Terra Alta is a Catalunya wine region south west of Tarragona in Spain. A very minor region producing reds,white,rose and fortified wines.

53
Q

What is Conca de Barbera and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Conca de Barbera is a Catalunya wine region in Spain, just west of northen Tarragona. This region is a minor one producing all styles of wine

54
Q

What is Costers del Segre and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Costers del Segre is a minor Spanish sub region of Catalunya. The region stretches between Tarragona and Somontano and consists of several non connected sub zones. The smallest of which, Raimat is a single estate that took years of canal work and irrigation to change infertile land into a workable vineyard and connect the region.

55
Q

What is an almacenista and what kind of wine do they produce?

A

The almacenista is a bodega in sherry production that focuses on purchasing or producing young wines and ageing them in their own Solera before selling the semi matured wines to be bottled and sold by brands.

Due to the downturn in the sherry market and overall streamlining of the large houses this is becoming less of a market force. In 2019 there is only a total of 17 remaining controlling 7% of the sherry stock. Regulation has loosened to allow more almacenistas to become independent shipping houses by reducing the minimum amount of stock required from 12500 hectolitres to 500hectolitres.

CMS and DIPSET (20 decks)

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