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Northen Italy Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

How many DOCGs are there?

A

74

First where Brunello Di Montalcino, Barolo and vino Noblie Montepulciano in 1980.

Most recent was Nizza in 2014

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2
Q

What are the major red grapes of Piemonte and their structure? Bonus points to name the lesser grapes

A

Nebbiolo - High acid, high alcohol and extreme tannin

Barbera - high acid, low tannin

Dolcetto - “little sweet one”, tannic, fruity, low acid

Minor grapes-
Brachetto
Grignolino
Ruchè
Croatina 
Vespolina
Freisa
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3
Q

What are the major climactic features of Piemonte? What kind of climate does it have?

A

Continental Climate -

  • the Alps provide a massive rain shadow for the region and allows its grapes to ripen longer in safety although autumn hails are still a threat.
  • the Po River cuts through the heart of the region creating good farming land. Areas on the foothills south of the Po River are better soil for grape growing and sees many of the top sites
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4
Q

What is the major white grape of Piemonte? Bonus points for the minor grapes

A

Moscato Bianco (Muscat à Petits Grains) is the most planted and most goes into the sparkling wine production of Asti.

Minor white grapes
Cortese 
Arneis 
Erbaluce
Favorita(Vermentino)
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5
Q

What are the international grape varietals grown in Piedmont?

A 
Cabernet Sauvignon 
Chardonnay
Merlot
Syrah
Sauvignon Blanc 
Ect.

Limited to DOCs

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6
Q

How many communes are there that may produce Barolo wines?

A

11

Although 5 communes represent almost 90% of the DOCG demarcated lands

La Morra
Barolo
Serralunga d’Alba
Monforte d’Alba
Castiglione
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7
Q

What are the 2 major soil types Barolo wines are grown on and what are their associated communes?

A

Tortonian solis - higher portion of calcareous marl that provide a softer style of wine.
•La Morra
•Barolo

Serravallian (Helvetian) sandstone soils - create a more structured wine.
•Monforte d’Alba
•Serralunga d’Alba

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8
Q

What is langhe? What kind of wine does it produce?

A

Langhe is the larger sub region of Piedmont. It can produce red, white and rose wines and it is well known for Nebbiolo based wines of lesser quality than Barolo and Barbaresco.

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9
Q

What is the aging requirements of Barolo?

A

Barolo

  • Prior to 2010 - 3 years aging, 2 years in oak (sometimes chestnut barrel)
  • post 2010 - 38 months but only 18 months in oak.

Barolo riserva
-62 months prior to release. Just over 5 years

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10
Q

What are the 2 major styles of Barolo?

A

Traditionalists
- long periods of extended aging in large neutral casks after 30-50 days of extended maceration.
•Giacomo Conterno, Bartolo Mascarello, Giuseppe Rinaldi

Modern
- started around 1980s with modernising technology, shorter maceration, smaller format oak
•Paolo Scavino, Luciano Sandrone, Elio Altare

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11
Q

What are the aging requirements of Barbaresco?

A

Barbaresco
-26 months including 9 months in cask

Barbaresco riserva
- 50 months

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12
Q

What are the 3 main towns of Barbaresco?

A
  • Barbaresco
  • Neive
  • Treiso
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13
Q

Name the major producers and their styles that helped define Barbaresco as a region?

A

In the 20th century

  • Angelo Gaja (Modernest) mostly releases his wines as Langhe neb
  • Bruno Giacosa (Traditionalists)
  • Produttori del Barbaresco (local co op offering value and terroir)
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14
Q

What is Vigna? What kind of wine does it produce?

A

Vigna refers to a single vineyard wine in Italy. 100% of grapes must come from this site and be used in conjunction with a geographical designation. “Menzioni geografiche aggiuntive”

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15
Q

What are the similarities between Barolo/Barbaresco and Burgundy

A
  • Aromatic richness of wine
  • Langhe climate
  • importance of single vineyards
  • modern emphasis on domaine bottling
  • A past of large negociant business structure
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16
Q

What is the story of Barolo and Barbaresco crus?

A

An emphasis on domains and estate bottling helped to push an unofficial determination of crus in Barolo and Barbaresco in the 1960s

These designations where finally made offical in 2007 for Barbaresco and in 2010 for Barolo.

Menzioni geografiche aggiuntive

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17
Q

What is Barolo Chinato? What kind of wine does it produce?

A

A DOCG aromatised wine flavoured with quinine. Once ridiculed it is now on the resurgence.

Cappellano is the top producer.

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18
Q

Name Barolo top cru?

A

•Cannubi

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19
Q

Name Barbaresco top cru?

A

Rabajá

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20
Q

What is the major river that runs by Barolo and Barbaresco?

A

Tanaro

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21
Q

What is Roero and what kind of wines does it produce?

A

Northern Piedmont based appellation it produces both red and white wines on soft, sandy soils.

Red- 95% Nebbiolo, softer, lighter style with many producers experimenting with modern approaches.

White- fresh and floral from the Arneis grape.

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22
Q

What are the 3 main non Piedmont based Nebbiolo appellations in northern Italy and what kind of wine do they produce?

A

North east of piedmont on the Seisa river sit Gattinarra, Ghemme, Lessona, Sizzano and Carema (DOC further up into the hills).

DOCG Gattinara and Ghemme both often blend Vespolina and Bonarda grapes (locally known as Spanna) to create a lighter, more acid focused style of neb

Gattinara - blends with Bonarda Di Gattinara

Ghemme - blends with Uva Rara or Bonarda Novarese

DOC Lessona and Sizzano are small regions near Ghemme that produce similar wines

Carema - mostly run as one local co op Productori Di Carema. Produces very aromatic neb wines handled in a Burgundian style.

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23
Q

What are the Monferrato hills and what kind of wine do they produce?

A

The Monferrato hills east of Langhe and home to Asti and Barbera

The region was elevated to DOCG in 2008 and now contains 4 DOCG regions that represent a more serious use of the Barbera grape. Modern Barbera often sees new oak

Barbera d’Asti - may be released as normale after 4 months of aging

Barbera del Monferrato Superior - 14 months minimum aging and at least 6 months in oak

Ruchè Di Castagnole Monferrato - produces an aromatic red wine from the Ruchè grape.

Nizza - 100% Barbera wines from a former sub region of Barbados dAsti

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24
Q

What are the 3 DOCG 100% Dolcetto wines of northern Italy?

A

Dogliani - south of Barolo - the wines famed producer of Luigi Einaudi(second president of the Italian republic) Maybe released as both normale and superiore

Dolcetto di Diano d’Alba - east of Barolo, May be normale or superiore

Dolcetto Di Ovada Superiore - shares a border with Gavi south of Piedmont, must be superiore to qualify as DOCG

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25
Q

What is Gavi and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Gavi in the south of Piedmont was the first still white DOCG of the region. It produces dry, mineral tinged whites from the Cortese grape. Wines are normally still but can be produced as Spumante or frizzante.

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26
Q

What is Spumante wine?

A

Italian word for sparkling

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27
Q

What is tranquillo wine?

A

Italian term for still wine.

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28
Q

What is Frizzante wine?

A

Italian term for slightly sparkling

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29
Q

What is Erbaluce di Caluso and what kind of wines does it produce?

A

A Piedmont appellation just south of Carema that became DOCG in 2010. It produces white wines of high acid and herbal scented Erbaluse grape. May be still, Spumante and passito wines with the passito being the most note worthy.

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30
Q

What is Passito wine?

A

Passito is the Italian term used for wines that the grapes have been dried after being pick.

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31
Q

What is Asti and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Asti is the largest DOCG producer of wine in Italy positioned in the south of Piedmont. It produces 2 sparkling wines.

Asti - formally Asti Spumante. A fully sparkling wine made from 100% moscato Bianco and is normally fermented by the Charmat method.

Moscato d’Asti - rarer, produced from riper moscato grapes, frizzante, delicate and alcohol between 4.5 and 6.5%.

Both wines are sweet but the hedonistic fragrance is more preserved in moscato d’Asti.

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32
Q

What is Alta Langa and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Alta langa is a traditional method sparkling wine appellation from piedmont producing wine from both PN and Chard that has been in the region since the 1800s. The wines may not be released until 30 months after harvest, riserva is 3 years.

Major producers - Fontanafredda and Enrico Serafino

DOC awarded in 2002 with 20 ha of experimental planting’s
DOCG awarded in 2011

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33
Q

What is Brachetto d’Acqui and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Brachetto d’Acqui(Bra-ke-to d-A-kwey) is a red wine appellation of Piedmont that produces sparkling red wines of rustic charm that are usually sweet. Both dry and still versions exist but but are increasingly rare

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34
Q

What is Valle d’Aosta and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Valle d’Aosta a DOC on the foot of the alps in north western Italy. Cold winters and short hot summers. It produces red, white, rose and sparkling wines from its 7 sub appellations. Both local and international varieties.

Petit rouge - Primary red grape of many blends

Picotendro - local term for Nebbiolo

Blanc de Morgex or Prié - white grape used in still and sparkling of La Salle(one of Europe’s highest vineyards)

It may produce varietal labeled wines including but not limited to-
Petit Arvine
Gamay
Petit rouge 
Fumin
Premetta(normally rose)
35
Q

What is Lombardy and what kind is wine does it produce?

A

Lombardy is a major wine region of central northern Italy. Known mostly for its sparkling wine produced by Franciacorta DOCG and Nebbiolo based reds of Valtellina.

36
Q

What is Franciacorta and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Franciacorta(Fran-cha-cor-ta) is a DOCG appellation of Lombardy in the centre of northern Italy. The wines are traditional method sparkling wines of serious quality.

Still wines may be released as Curtefranca

Chardonnay, Pinot Nero(Noir) and a maximum of 50% Pinot Bianco maybe used in the blends.

NV- 18 months on lees, 25 months after harvest, 5-6 atmospheres pressure

Satèn- white grapes only, less than 5 atmospheres pressure

Rose- minimum 35% Pinot Nero and is produced through blending rather than saignée

Millesimato(vintage)- min 37 months although most age much longer, only 85% of grapes must be from that year.

Riserva- must be vintage plus 5 years on lees and min 67 months before release.

Wines may be of various sweetness levels but brut Salen. Is similar to champagne in expected sweetness.

Major producers- Guido Berlucchi, Maurizio Zanella of Ca’Del Bosco(prestige cuvée “Annamaria Clementi”)

37
Q

What is Millesimato?

A

Italian for vintage

38
Q

What is Oltrepò Pavese and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Oltrepó Pavese is a wine producing appellation of southern Lombardy in the centre of northern Italy. The still wines are DOC but the DOCG Oltrepó Pavese Metodo Classico is a traditional method sparkling wine that must contain a minimum 70% Pinot nero(noir) and of it contains over 85% then it may be labeled varietally.

NV- 15 months on lees

Vintage - 2 years on lees

39
Q

What is Recioto?

A

The Italian term for wines produced from dried grapes

40
Q

What is Valtellina and what kind of wine does it produce?

A 
Valtellina is Lombardy’s most important zone for red wine. Located on the northern side the wines are Nebbiolo based (locally known as Chiavennasca). This is the most northern area in Italy that produces neb. The area of Valtellina is DOC but the DOCG sub Zone of Valtellina Superiore exists with 5 sub regions of 
•Inferno
•Valgella
•Grumello
•Sassella
•Maroggia

Valtellina Superiore - minimum 24 months aging 12 in cask

Riserva - aged 3 years before release

Stagafassli - Valtellina Superiore bottled in Switzerland

Sforzato Di Valtellina / Valtellina Sfurzat is a dry wine made from dried Nebbiolo grapes and aged for a minimum of 2 years. Min 14% alc

41
Q

What are the 5 sub regions of Valtellina Superiore?

A
  • Valgella
  • Inferno
  • Grumello
  • Sassella
  • Maroggia
42
Q

What is Moscato Di Scanzo and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Moscato Di Scanzo is a DOCG appellation that surrounds the town of Bergamo west of Franciacorta in Lombardy. The region produces a sweet red passito(raisin) wine from red moscato. The wines must be aged for a minimum of 2 years but may not be aged in wood. Often bottled in 500mL Futura bottles (long and skinny)

43
Q

What is Liguria and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Liguria is a small Italian wine region in northern Italy. Located in the mountianous coastal region south of Piedmont.

Mediterranean climate

Pigato(Vermentino) thrives here.

DOCs
•Colli Di Luni - Vermentino
•Riviera Ligure Di Ponente - Vermentino and Rossese
•Rossese Di Dolceacqua - red grape Rossese
•Cinque Terre - simple Bosco based wines - some of regions best known

44
Q

What is Lambrusco and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Lambrusco is a Italian red grape varietal used to make frizzante red wines from 4 DOCs in Emilia-Romagna and 1 in Lombardy. Despite good examples existing expectations should be low. Wine is produced dry to dolce

Example to know - Banfi’s “Riunite”

DOCs
•Lambrusco Grasparossa Di Castelverto
•Lambrusco Di Sorbara
•Lambrusco Salamino Di Santa Corce

•Lambrusco Mantovano(Lombardy)

45
Q

What is Emilia-Romagna and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Emilia-Romagna is a region well respected for its food (Parmigiano-Reggiano, Prociutto Di Parma, Modena’s Balsamic vinegar) but it’s wine is not. 2 DOCGs and some Lambrusco DOCs. The region has very limited quality production with only 15% at DOC level.

DOCGs
•Romagna Albana- Italy’s first and commonly mocked white DOCG. Albana grapes made in most styles, Passito being the most promising.

•Colli Bolognesi Pignoletto - tart dry wines from the Grechetto grape.

Pignoletto was a common synonym for Grechetto but much like prosecco when it became a region it became illegal to use the term outside of the region

46
Q

What is the cultural and geographic separation of Trentino-Alto Adige?

A

The mountianous cool region is split into Trentino and Alto Adige

  • Trentino - Italian speaking, southern
  • Alto Adige - German speaking Northen
47
Q

What are the major grape varietals of Trentino-Alto Adige?

A

Whites

  • Pinot Grigio
  • Chardonnay
  • Pinot Blanc
  • Sauvignon Blanc
  • Gwertztraminer (Alto Adige - village of Tramin)
  • Silvaner
  • Veltliner
  • Kerner
Reds
-Schiava(Vernatsch)
-Merlot 
-Lambrusco
-Lagrein
-Teroldego
-Cab Sauv
-Cab Franc
-Pinot Nero
-
48
Q

What is Valdadige DOC and what kind of wines does it produce?

A

Valdadige DOC is the northern Italian DOC that surrounds Trentino-Alto Adige and Verona in Veneto.

This area produces a bunch of stuff but much like Bordeaux most people prefer to produce under a smaller more exclusive region

49
Q

What type of grapes are thrive in the cooler climates of Alto Adige that are not found in Trentino?

A

German and Austrian varietals such as Gwertztraminer, Silvaner and Kerner

50
Q

What is Valle Isarco and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Valle Isarco or Eisacktaler in German is a offical sub zone of Alto Adige in the north east of the region. The area has established a reputation for high quality german and Austrian varietal wines

Silvaner, Veltliner and Kerner

51
Q

What is Oltradige and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Oltradige is a sub region of Alto Adige in northern Italy that produces the regions finest expression of Pinot Bianco

52
Q

What is Terlano and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Terlano is an sub zone of Alto Adige just west of the capital of Bolzano. It is known for its Chard/Pinot Bianco/Sauv B blends that are both in Oaked and unoaked styles.

This is also home to one of Italy’s most respected cooperatives

53
Q

What is Südtirol and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Südtriol is the local name for Alto Adige

54
Q

What colour wine does Trentino-Alto Adige produce the most of?

A

Red - Schiava is the most produced grape of both regions

55
Q

What is Schiava and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Schiava is a light and delicate red grape from Trentino-Alto Adige in northern Italy. It’s most famous sites of production are:

  • Santa Maddelena (Alto Adige)
  • Casteller (Trentino) - allows blending with Merlot and Lambrusco
  • Lago di Caldaro(shared) - similar to Casteller
56
Q

What is Lagrein and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Lagrein is a red grape native to Trentino in northern Italy but thrives in Alto Adige to the north.

It produces a dencer, spicer wine than Schiava.

It’s top growing area is Gries and flatter area outside of Bolzano. Wine are released under general DOC but will normally indicate the area.

57
Q

What is Bassa Atesina and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Bassa Atesina is Alto Adiges most southern growing region and provides the regions beat examples of Pinot Nero

58
Q

What is Teroldego and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Teroldego is a red Italian grape known for producing the deeply coloured wines of Teroldego Rotaliano DOC in Trentino in northern Italy.

59
Q

What is Marzemino and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Marzemino is an ancient grape varietal from Trentino in northern Italy. The grape is one of the regions most major and it is also the parent of Teroldego and sibling of Lagrein

60
Q

What does Trentino Adige produce more than grapes?

A

Apples, 10% of Europe’s entire production comes from the valley floor.

61
Q

Which Italian wine region produces the most wine?

A

Veneto- despite producing some of Italy’s most prized wines, the region is home to the most mass production and much of the low quality sparkling and Pinot Grigio that Italy is sadly known for.

62
Q

What is Vigna?

A

Vigna is Italian for single vineyard wines

63
Q

What is Valpolicella and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Valpolicella is a northen Italian wine region. It is a sub region of Veneto.

The red wines are noted with cherry and bitter almond

The wines are 45-95% Corvina blended with Rondinella, non aromatic grapes Molinara, Negrara and Oseleta May be used but not exceed 15% of the blend.

The Classico region is at the western end of the appellation and consist of several valleys or fingers. The eastern valleys of Valpolicella are home to modernist Romano Dal Forno and can be just as amazing

The wines maybe
•Basic DOC - refreshing, light, uncomplicated

  • Superiore - rounded character, higher min alc, min one year aging
  • Recioto (Recho-to), Rippaso and Amarone
64
Q

What is the grape blend of Valpolicella DOC wines?

A

The wines are 45-95% Corvina blended with Rondinella, non aromatic grapes Molinara, Negrara and Oseleta May be used but not exceed 15% of the blend.

65
Q

What is Recioto della Valpolicella and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Recioto della Valpolicella is an northern Italian semi sweet to sweet wine that is made from the same grape blend as Vapolicella that has undergone appassimento (drying after picking). These grapes are typically dried for 4 months.

The final wines may be Spumante(sparkling)

66
Q

What is Amarone and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

One of the Crown Jewels of Italy. Amarone is a vapolicella varietal blend that is dried appassimento. Fermented to dry and aged for a min of 2 years or 4 for riserva.

Same as Barolo, some producers are modernists using small format oak(Dal Forno, Allegrini) and some are traditional using large neutral Slavonian botti(Giuseppe Quintarelli)

The wines may be labeled as Classico or Valpantena depending on their origin

67
Q

What is Vapolicella Ripasso and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Vapolicella Ripasso is a halfway step between Vapolicella and Amorone where grape must from a completed fermentation of amarone or Recioto is added to a completed fermentation of Vapolicella, reigniting a second ferment and creating a wine with deeper more complex flavours.

Ripasso min alc 12.5%
Ripasso Superior 13%

68
Q

What is Bardolino and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Bardolino is the northern Italian wine region located in Veneto between Vapolicella Classico and lake Garda.

Corvina and Rondinella blends are the main wine

Superior needs 1 year of aging and additional 1% alc

Bardolino Chiaretto is the regions rose.

69
Q

What are the 2 major subregions of Soave?

A

Classico and Colli Scaligeri

70
Q

What is Soave and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Soave is a DOC of Veneto in north eastern Italy. The region produces white wine of non 70% Garganega, max 30% Trebbiano Di Soave/Chardonnay (sometimes max 5% approves minor varietals)

Soave has 2 DOCGs and both may only use grapes produced from Classico and Colli Scaligeri
•Soave Superiore
- aged for at least 6 months (normally stainless) or 12 for riserva

•Recioto Di Soave

  • Grapes dried for at least 4-6 months
  • Barrel fermentation is common, Botrytis is encouraged

Soave and Recioto Di Soave may be spumante, Superiore must be still

71
Q

What is Soave an example of in Italian wine regions?

A

Over expansion.

The region ballooned too far out of its original mountianous lands and now means very little.

As of 2019 the region has been formally organised into 33 individual crus

72
Q

What is Gambellara and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Gambellara is Soave’s eastern neighbour that produces similar wines

Min 80% Garganega whites

Recioto di Gambellara - 100% Dried Garganega that may be still or sparkling

73
Q

What is Breganze and what kind of wines does it produce?

A

Breganze is the northern neighbour of both Soave and Gambellara. It’s still wines are both local and international varietals.

Breganze Torcolato DOC - a local Passito(sweet from drying) wine made from Vespaiolo grapes.

Fausto Maculan is the only major producer

74
Q

What is the relationship between appassimento and Passito?

A

Passito is literally translated as sweet and refers to the wine made from dried grapes.

Appassimento is the technique used to dry the grapes on straw or on racks

75
Q

What is the standard pressure in atmospheres in

Champagne
Spumante Prosecco
Frizzante Prosecco

A

Champagne - 5 to 6 atmospheres
Spumante Prosecco - 3.5
Frizzante Prosecco - 1 to 2.5

76
Q

What are the DOCG zones Prosecco?

A

Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco DOCG
(Co-ne-liano Val-dob-bia-de-ne)

Asolo Prosecco DOCG

77
Q

What is the “Prosecco grape”

A

Glera

78
Q

What is the most note worthy cru of prosecco?

A

Cartizze

Wines are labeled as Valdobbiadene Superiore Di Cartizze and are generally “dry” with 17-35g residual sugar.

79
Q

What are the laws for Prosecco vintages?

A

Most Prosecco is non vintage but it may have a date if 85% of the harvest is from the stated year

80
Q

Who is Josko Gravner and what kind of wine does he produce?

A

Josko Gravner is the spearhead behind the orange wine movement in Friuli with lengthy skin contact. Also see Radikon

81
Q

What is Friuli-Venezia Giulia and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Fruili-Venezia Giulia is tucked into Italy’s north eastern border. It’s wine making style entered an era of exceptional clean, crisp white wine making in the 1960s (accredited to Mario Schiopetto) cool ferment, stainless steel, crisp, aromatic, mineral wines. Further developments of Sulfur reduction and gravity fed winery’s have left the criticism that the wine making is too clean if not clinical.

Modern examples can be lush, rich, barrel fermented, aged and powerful.

Modern Fruili is known for
•Orange wines (Gravner, Radikon)
•Dry, powerful whites (Miami, Livio Felliga)
•Sauvignon Blanc (Venica e Venica and Ronco del Gnemiz)

82
Q

What are the major grapes of Fruili?

A 
White -
•Friulano
•Pinot Bianco
•Chardonnay
•Pinot Grigio 
•Sauvignon Blanc (Sauvignon)
•Verduzzo Gialla(Ramandolo)
•Picolit
•Malvasia Istriana
Red - 
•Merlot(most planted in region - produces wine of lighter, fragrant, herbal style)
•Cab Franc
•Cab Sauv
•Refosco
•Schioppettino 
•Terrano
•Pignolo 
•
83
Q

How many DOC zones are in Fruili? What are the most quality minded?

A

12 zones in total

Collio and Colli Orientali del Friuli DOC are the top.

Veneto’s prosecco DOC also bleeds into the region and count as one of the DOCs

84
Q

What are the 2 Sweet wine DOCGs of Friuli?

A

Ramandolo and Colli Orientali del Friuli-Picolit(also the smaller Cialla area inside of Colli Orientali)

CMS and DIPSET (20 decks)

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