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CMS and DIPSET > Central And Southern Italy > Flashcards

Central And Southern Italy Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

What was the traditional bottle of Chianti?

A

The Fiasco bottle, teardrop shaped with a straw woven base. Used due to the inferiority of Italian glass

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2
Q

Who was the first to release a commercial vintage in Sassicaia? Why is this important

A

Marquis Mario Rocchetta - 1968 the first of the super tuscans. His nephew Piero Antinori started Tignanello bottling soon after

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3
Q

How many DOCGs does Tuscany have?

A

11, only behind Piemonte and Veneto

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4
Q

What is the climate of Tuscany?

A

Tuscany is a hot, dry Mediterranean climate on the western coast of Italy. It’s soils and climates vary from the arid southern Montalcino to the more seasonal Montepulciano

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5
Q

What is the flavour profile of Sangiovese, common blending partners and major regions?

A

Sangiovese wines are light in colour, naturally high acidity, firm tannins, med to full bodied. Sour cherry and herbal tones.

Often aged in large format but modern examples can be in smaller barriques.

Often blended with nebiollo, aglianico, Cab Sauv, Merlot, Colorino

Major regions in Tuscany is Chianti (and Classico) Carmignano, Vino Nobile Di Montepulciano, Morellino Di Scansano, montecucco Sangiovese, Brunello Di Montalcino

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6
Q

What are the major grapes of Tuscany?

A 
Red:
Sangiovese 
Nebbiolo 
Aglianico
Colorino
Canaiolo
Cab Sauv
Merlot 
Syrah
White:
Trebiano Toscano 
Chardonnay
Sauv Blanc
Malvasia
Vermentino
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7
Q

What % of Tuscan production is red wine?

A

85%

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8
Q

When did Chianti achieve DOCG status? When where it’s modern boundaries determined?

A

DOCG - 1984

Boundaries - 1932

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9
Q

What are the sub regions of Chianti?

A 
1 subregions 
•Classico
•Rufina(regarded as second highest quality)
•Colli Fiorentini 
•Colli Senesi
•Colline Pisane
•Colli Aretini
•Montalbano 
•Montespertoli (added in 1997)
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10
Q

What sub-sub region of Chianti allows a higher percentage of international varietals than Chianti DOCG?

A

Pomino is an DOC in Rufina that allows the production of both red and white wines with lighter blending restrictions.

Frescobaldi and Fattotia Selvapiana are the only producers

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11
Q

What is the blend of a Chianti wine? How does this differ from Classico?

A

70-100% Sangiovese
Rounded out with other regional red grapes but cab sauv may not exceed 15%
White grapes Trebbiano Toscano and Malvasia are allowed.

Classico is min 80% Sangiovese, white grapes are not permitted. Barriques are often used in riserva Classico

Colli Senesi sub zone must be min 75% Sangiovese and max 10% Cab

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12
Q

What is Governo and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Governo is the traditional Tuscan practise of refermentation with the juice of dried grapes to strengthen wine and induce malolactic fermentation. It is legally permitted in Chianti but must be labeled “Governo all’uso Toscano” although quality minded producers avoid it.

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13
Q

What are the ageing requirements of Chianti?

A

•Chianti Normale - March 1st following year
(Rufina, Colli Fiorentini and Montespertoli require additional aging)
•Chianti Riserva - 2 years
•Chianti Gran Selezione - must be estate grown grapes, 30 months min age, 3 months in bottle, min 13% alc

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14
Q

What is the requirements for Chianti Superior?

A

Additional half degree of alc and lower vineyard yields

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15
Q

When was the Classico region of Chianti established?

A

1716

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16
Q

What are the major soil types of Chianti Classico?

A

Soft, friable, marl like Galestro and Alberese aka sandstone

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17
Q

What is Montalcino and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Montalcino is a region south of Chianti Classico that provides 100% Sangiovese wines that are entirely from the Brunello clone. (Aka Sangiovese Grosso).

Brunellos expression is stronger, higher alc, extract and tannin than Chianti. Although much like Barolo there is a modernist movement that allows for earlier drinking examples.

  • Rosso Di Montalcino - 1 year aging, cask aging is not required
  • Brunello Di Montalcino - min 2 years aging in cask + an extra 4 months in bottle. Min 5 years before release.
  • Brunello Di Montalcino riserva - min 2 years cask + 6 months bottle, min 6 years before release.
  • Sant’Antimo DOC - super Tuscan region of Brunello
  • Moscadello Di Montalcino - white wines from Moscadello(Moscato Bianco) - often sweet and may be still or sparkling.
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18
Q

What is Vino Nobile Di Montepulciano and what kind of wines does it produce?

A

Vino Nobile Di Montepulciano is a Tuscan wine region south east of Chianti. It produces wines of min 70% Sangiovese(Prugnolo Gentile clone) and a max of 30% other Tuscan varietals (max 5% white).

Min 1 year in wood, 2 years total age.
3 years for riserva

Wines are less firm than Chianti and less aggressively tannic than Brunello

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19
Q

What is Morellino Di Scansano and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Morellino Di Scansano is a southern Tuscan wine region that produces red wine at min 85% Sangiovese. The region as a newer DOCG has no true uniting style

Riserva wines require a min 2 years aging

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20
Q

What is Carmignano and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Carmignano is a northern Tuscan wine region that overlaps with Chianti Montalbano. It’s a low altitude territory.

The wines are 50% Sangiovese, 10-20% Cab Sauv or Cab franc. Fill out with other Tuscan reds

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21
Q

Explain the Vino da Tavola rebellion and reasons?

A

Acclaimed to have started with the release of the 1968 vintage in Sassicaia with a barrel aged Cab blend from Bolgheri named Tenuta San Guido. The revolution was many of the great wine makers pushing back against overly restrictive doc and DOCG regulations. Many planted more Bordeaux blends while many other made 100% Sangiovese chiantis. This sparked more pushback from other wine regions in Italy as many of the country’s Top wines where now labeled as table wines. As such, the IGT category was made, Bolgheri DOC was established.

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22
Q

What is Bolgheri and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Bolgheri is a costal Tuscan wine producing region that was the original site for the super tuscans.

Wines here enjoy relaxed wine laws able to produce
•Varietal Cab sauv, Merlot and Cab franc
•Bordeaux style blends
•can include Syrah and Sangiovese

Bolgheri Superior is min 1 year cask, min 2 years aged

White wines are mostly Vermentino but the appellation also produces Sauv Blanc.

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23
Q

What is Bolgheri Sassicaia and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Bolgheri Sassicaia DOC is a appellation set as a tribute to the reknown of Sassicaia wines and it is the only true monopole DOC in Italy

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24
Q

What is Elba and what kind of wine does it make?

A

Elba is the island that Napoleon was exiled to just off the coast of Tuscany. The region has one DOCG Elba Aleatico Passito, that makes sweet red Passito wines from the Aleatico grape(possible red skinned mutation of Muscat)

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25
Q

What is Vernaccia Di San Grimignano and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Vernaccia Di San Grimignano is Tuscany’s only white wine DOCG. It is located west of Chianti Classico. Soils are sandy and rock strewn

It produces a crisp, pink grapefruit smelling wine

26
Q

What is Vin Santo and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Vin Santo(or holy wine) is a increasingly rare dessert wine made in Tuscany. It is no DOCG but many regions allow the production.

The wine is made from Trebbiano, Malvasia and sometimes Grechetto. Rose versions can be made from min 50% Sangiovese (Occhio Di Pernice)

Grapes are hung from rafters to dry, slow fermentation and aging in caratelli barrels(50L) for between 3-8 years depending on region and style. Chestnut wood is traditionally used to allow rapid oxidation but modern producers use oak. Barrels are never topped up, alcohol is concentrated through evaporation. The wine may be dry or sweet. The wine may be fortified and labeled as Liquoroso.

The wine is high alcohol, almond and honey toned.

The major exporter of the wine style is Vin Santo del Chianti. It is traditionally paired with less sweet desserts like Biscotti

27
Q

What is Umbria and what kind of wines does t produce?

A

Umbria is a landlocked central Italian wine region east of Tuscany.

It’s major production is white wine from Orvieto DOC but it produces more celebrated red wines from Sagrantino Di Montefalco and Torgiano Rosso Riserva DOCGs

28
Q

What is Orvieto and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Orvieto is a white wine producing DOC from Umbria in central Italy. The DOC is the major producer of wine for the region with clean light white wine made from at least 60% Grechetto and Trebbiano Toscano.

The region also produces sweet, some botrytis affected.

This region has been victim to over expansion of the DOC but wines from the Classico region can show depth and minerality.

29
Q

What is Lago di Corbara and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Lago di Corbara DOC is a region inside of Orvieto DOC in Umbria in central Italy.

They produce red wines of Tuffeau soils

30
Q

What is Sagrantino di Montefalco and what kind of wines does it produce?

A

Sagrantino di Montefalco is one of the most celebrated red wine producing DOCGs in Umbria in central Italy.

The wines are produced from 100% Sagrantino and are naturally high in alcohol and tannin. The wines are naturally age worthy. The wines must be aged for 37 months including 12 months in wood for dry wines.

Wines may also be Secco (light sparkling) which is a traditionally produced through passito

31
Q

What is Torgiano Rosso riserva and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Torgiano Rosso riserva is a celebrated red wine producing DOCG of Umbria in central Italy.

It’s wines are 70-100% Sangiovese, min 3 years aging and at least 6 months in bottle.

Torgiano May produce Rosso, bianco and Spumante wines but these are only DOC

32
Q

What are the major DOC and DOCGs of Umbria?

A

Orvieto - major white wine producing region for volume

Lago di Corbara - smaller region inside of Orvieto that produces red wines

Sagrantino di Montefalco - DOCG celebrated red wines

Torgiano DOC - region that produces many different wines but is celebrated for the Torgiano Rosso Riserva DOCG

33
Q

What is Marche and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Marche is a central Italian wine region on the eastern coast of Italy, across from Tuscany and Umbria.

It’s major white grape is Verdichio and reds are Montepulciano and Sangiovese. However it can make sparkling red and white as well as sweet wines at a DOC level

It contains 5 DOCGs
•Verdicchio di Matelica Riserva 
•Castelli Di Jesi Verdicchio Riserva
•Conero Rosso Riserva 
•Vernaccia Di Serrapetrona
•Offida

Lacrima Di Morro d’Alba is an important upcoming DOC

34
Q

What is Verdicchio and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Verdicchio is a white grape that has its strongest showing in the eastern coastal region of Italy, Marche.

The grape produces ageworthy, focused, green tinged wines with a distinctive lemony stony character with a bitter almond tang.

The grape is late ripening with naturally high acid and can easily be used in the production of Spumante wines and late harvest.

It’s 2 major sites, both require 18 months of aging to reach Riserva and DOCG
•Castelli Di Jesi - coastal area produces fuller richer examples.
•Matelica - inland and higher altitude, sharper, leaner examples

35
Q

What are the 3 DOCGs for red wines in Marche?

A

•Conero Rosso Riserva - min 85% Montepulciano and max 15% Sangiovese, min 2 years aging. Many producers favour some new barriques.
-Conero DOC covers the larger surrounding area, typically lighter wines.

  • Vernaccia di Serrapetrona - sparkling red wines, dry or sweet made from 40% passito grapes
  • Offida - Varietal white wines and Montepulciano reds from Pecorino and Passerina.
36
Q

What is Lacrima and what kind of wines does it produce?

A

Lacrima is an obscure red varietal that is producing aromatic, complex wines with floral, Pinot like characters from Lacrima Di Morro d’Alba DOC in Marche in central Italy

37
Q

What is Abruzzo and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Abruzzo is a central Italian wine region south of Marche.

It’s red wines are Montepulciano based, ripe, tannic and full bodied. Rose may be made as Cerasuolo. Montepulciano d’Abruzzo is the major DOC. While a “classico” DOCG exists in Montepulciano d’Abruzzo Colline Teramane the 2 top producers make wine under DOC.
•Region requires 85% monte
•Classico 90% monte, 2 years aging and 1 year in wood. Riserva is 3 years.

Trebbiano d’Abruzzo DOC is the major white wine - it may be produced from Trebbiano Toscano or Trebbiano d’Abruzzo

38
Q

What is Lazio / Latium and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Lazio is a wine region in central Italy south of Tuscany on the west coast with the capital of Rome.

The region produces mainly simple white wine consumed locally from the Trebbiano Toscano and Malvasia grapes.

Sparkling wine is also produced along with some late harvest sweet styles

Red from the Cesanese grape are are produced in the regions first DOCG Cesanese del Piglio

The best red wines come from the northern area on the Umbrian border but are Bordeaux blends

39
Q

What is Cesanese and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Cesanese is an Italian red grape varietal that produces a peppery, spicy wine with elevated acidity and moderate to high alcohol

40
Q

What is the story of est! Est!! Est!! Di montefiascone and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

The region gets its name from a bishop going to meet the pope but sending forward “wine scouts” to locate the best wine to sample on the long journey. They where to write “est” (Latin for there is) on the door or wall of inns that they where particularly impressed with. Apparently one scout was so impressed that he wrote est! Est!! Est!!!.

Story is more famous than the bland white wine made from Trebbiano Toscano and Malvasia

41
Q

What is Molise and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Molise is a small mountianous region is central Italy just south of Abruzzo. It has tiny production mostly handled by cooperatives. It is only 4 DOCs and of which Biferno is the highest regarded.

Reds and roses are a blend of Montepulciano and Aglianico

Whites are Trebbiano

42
Q

What is Campania and what kind of wines does it produce?

A

Campania is a southern Italian wine region on the west coast at roughly the ankle of the boot.

It’s ancient history in wine focusing on Greco based wines has only recently began to blossom back into wines of great quality. Despite its recent upturn in quality, only 10% of the region is DOC

Major grapes:
Red:
•Aglianico
•Piedirosso
•Primitivo 
White:
•Greco 
•Fiano
•Falanghina
43
Q

What is Aglianico and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Aglianico is a red grape that thrives in its natural home of southern Italy. It produces tannic wine heavy in both body and acidity.

Flavours of black cherry, spiced plum, game, smoke and white pepper.

It is responsible for some of the longest lived wines of southern Italy, specifically basilicata and Campania.

famous regions
•Falerno del Massico DOC- ancient site where it is blended with Piedirosso on volcanic tufa soils
•Taurasi DOCG - Min 3 years age, 1 in wood. 4 years age, 1.5 in wood for riserva
•Aglianico del Taburno DOCG

44
Q

What is Piedirosso and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Piedirosso (red feet) is a southern Italian red grape varietal considered a speciality of Campania.

It’s wine is predominately used as a blending partner with Aglianico and Olivella but when produced as a varietal wine it is full bodied with soft tannins, plum, cherry and wild berry. Can exhibit espresso, mushroom and damp earth. A mineral, salty character is expressed in many of the wines

45
Q

What is Primitivo and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Primitivo is the Italian name for Zinfandel.

Often found in southern Italy as a highlighting wine in Campania and Puglia, the wines are inky black and high in both tannin and body.

46
Q

What is Greco and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Greco is a southern Italian white grape that thrives in Campania and is almost synonyms with Greco di Tufo DOCG it’s premium area.

The wine can produce anything from fresh and herbal to full bodied with hints of stone fruit. This wine is classically lighter than Fiano and more intensely aromatic.

The Greco di Tufo blend is min 85% Greco with Coda Di Volpe making up the remainder.

The wine is unrelated to Greco Bianco and Grechetto

47
Q

Where are the two DOCG white wines of Campania located and what are they?

A

Greco di Tufo and Fiano Di Avellino.

Both located in central Campania with Greco di Tufo being planted on higher altitudes to the north and producing a lighter wine

48
Q

What is Fiano and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Fiano is a southern Italian grape varietal that produces a variety of wine styles but is classically fuller bodied with an identifiable resiny mouth feel.

The Campania region of Fiano Di Avellino is one of the most regarded sites for the grape.

49
Q

What is Falanghina and what kind of wines does it produce?

A

Falanghina is a southern Italian grape varietal that produces both dry and sweet styles of wine in the Campanian appellation of Falanghina del Sannio and Falerno del Massico. It is blended with Biacolella in Campi Flegrei and Costa d’Amalfi to produce a mellower and lusher style of wine.

The grape offers a aromatic lift as a blending partner but shows citrus blossom, bitter orange and slight pine sent on the nose as a varietal wine and apple/pear notes on the pallet. May show spice/Minerality

50
Q

What is Vesuvio and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Vesuvio is the southern Italian wine appellation on Vesuvius the volcano that destroyed Pompeii. Considered one of the worlds most dangerous volcanos the wines are still harvested using the same ancient varietals.

The wine Lacryma Christi di Vesuvio is still produced here.

Wines may be Bianco, Rosato, Rosso, Spumante and liquoroso.

White grapes - Coda di Volpe, Verdeca, Falanghina, Greco

Red - Piedirosso, sciascinoso, Aglianico

51
Q

What is Lacryma Christi di Vesuvio and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Lacryma Christi di Vesuvio or the tears of Christ is a wine of legend. When lucifer was cast out of heaven he took with him a piece of heaven. When Christ saw the Italy’s gulf of Naples he recognised it as stolen heaven and wept for it. His tears miraculously sprouted the vines that grew this wine.

Wines above 12% alc and made from Coda Di Volpe(for Bianco) or Piedirosso (for Rosso and Rosato) may carry this on the label

52
Q

What is Apulia and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Apulia or Puglia is the southern Italian wine region on the eastern “heel” of Italy. Formally a massive quantity region where most of the wines where used for vermouths and other fortified distillates. The area has seen a recent upturn in quality reaching up to 7% DOC+ production up from 2%.

This is Italy’s least mountianous area.

Major grapes-
Red - Negromaro, Nero Di Troia, Primitivo(Zinfandel)
White - Fiano Minutolo(not related to Fiano) and Bombino Bianco(often blended into sparkling with PN in the north)

Of its 4 DOCGs, 3 of them are located in Castel del Monte
•CdM Rosso Riserva - 65% Nero(Uva) di Troia
•CdM Nero Di Troia - 90% same grape
•CDM Bombino - Rosato wines
The DOC region can produce wines of any style but sweet

The final DOCG is the sweet wine(Min 50g/L) Primitivo Di Mandurah Dolce Naturale is a antipassimento wine

53
Q

What is Castel del Montel and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

CdM is the most important DOC of Apulia/Puglia.

Of Apulia’s 4 DOCGs, 3 of them are located in Castel del Monte
•CdM Rosso Riserva - 65% Nero(Uva) di Troia
•CdM Nero Di Troia - 90% same grape
•CDM Bombino - Rosato wines
The DOC region can produce wines of any style but sweet including sparkling from Bombino Bianco

54
Q

What is Basilicata and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Basilicata is a small southern wine region in the centre of the ankle of Italy. It is the third least populous region of Italy with Molise and Valle d’Aosta being smaller.

The only wine of note is Aglianico Del Vulture, grown on the volcanic slopes of mount vulture. Considered one of the best examples of the grape.

Aglianico del vulture Superior DOCG-
Min alc 13.5
3 years age, 1 in wood
Riserva - 5 years age, 2 in wood

Wines may be dry, off dry, still or Spumante.

55
Q

What is Calabria and what kind of wines does it produce?

A

Calabria is a southern Italian wine region in the toe knuckle of the boot. It’s wines much like most of southern Italy, are famous by antiquity but very few producers make quality and most are simply high alcohol, low quality juice.

The region is climatically diverse from the Mediterranean coastlines to the more continental inland areas of high elevation.

Major grapes
Red: Gaglioppo - thick skin, makes reds and roses from Cirò DOC. Genetically linked to Sangiovese

White: Greco - Melissa DOC

Sweet: Greco di Bianco DOC - often grapes are dried pre fermentation

56
Q

What is Marsala and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Marsala is a fortified (with brandy of grape distillate) wine (dry or sweet) from Sicily. Originally popular in the late 1700, early 1800 with British drinkers but has found it difficult to secure its position as a top dessert wine against other potential picks and its unfortunate reputation as cooking wine.

Offers flavours of stewed apricot, vanilla, Brown sugar but can become far more complex.

Major styles :
Gold/Oro, Amber/ambra, Ruby/Rubino

Grapes:
White: Grillo, Cattarato, Inzolia, Domashino, Grecanico

Red: Pignatello, Nero d’Avola, Nero Mascalese, Frappato(up to 30% white grapes)

Sweetness levels:
Dry/secco- max 40g/L, semi dry/semisecco-40-100g/L, 100+ Dolce

Alc- 12% pre fortification, 17.5% post, 18% for solera/Riserva styles

Aging
Fine: Min 1 year wood, (possible 4 months in alternative containers)
Superiore: Min 2 years wood
Superiore Riserva: Min 4 years wood
Vergine/Solera: Min 5 years
Vergine Riserva/Solera Riserva/Vergine and Solera Stravecchio: Min 10 years wood

57
Q

What is Sicily and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Sicily is a southern Italian wine region that is the island at the end of the toe. It is the second largest producing Italian wine region after Veneto. Although despite this massive production some wine makers are producing high quality examples from premium sites(Planeta and Marco de Bartoli)

Nerello masceolese on mount etna
Nero d’alba everywheres else
Marsarla fortified from Grecco

The regions more inland areas with higher altitude allow for large diurnal shifts to even ripening and the mountianous terrain makes good exposures common.

Large success has been had with IGT wines and international varietals but similarly native varietals are making a strong showing.

58
Q

Explain Sicily’s red wine growing(varietals and DOCG/DOCs)

A 
Varietals:
•Nero d'Avola
•Nero Mascalese 
•Nero Cappaccio
•Frappato(lighter graper)
•Cab Sauv
•Syrah

DOC/DOCG
•Etna- Nero Mascalese heavy, on a volcano
•Faro- Nero Mascalese heavy, extreme north eastern coast of island
•Cerasuolo Di Vittoria DOCG- Nero d’Avola heavy blend with Frappato(70/30 to 50/50 blend) limited maceration to preserve ruby colour(Cerasuolo)

59
Q

Explain the white wine making of Sicily(varietals and DOC/DOCGs)

A 
Varietals:
•Catarratto(most planted varietal)
•Inzolia(better table wine varietal)
•Grecanico
•Carricante
•Grillo(better table wine varietal)
•Zibibbo(Muscat of Alexandria)
•Malvasia

Regions
Catarratto- most common grape used in Marsala and dick tons of table wine from Alcamo Bianco DOC
•Etna- Carricante is the dominate varietal of Bianco wines
•

60
Q

Explain the sweet wines of Sicily.

A

Marsala - covered in another card but good job for remembering.

Mainly produced from Zibibbo/Moscato and Malvasia

  • Moscato Di Noto and Moscato Di Siracusa - small and rare wines from the south east of the island
  • Malvasia Delle Lipari DOC- sweet, passito and fortified wines from Lipari off the northern coast of the island. Although dry styles under Salina DOC are becoming more common.
  • Moscato Di Pantelleria and Passito di Pantelleria from the volcanic island of Pantelleria made from Zibibbo
61
Q

What is Sardinia and what kind of wine does it produce?

A

Saradina/Sardegna is a Italian island wine region off the western coast of Tuscany and just below the French Corsica.

The island was under Spanish rule for some time with some of its major grape varietals showing this influence.

  • Cannonau(Grenache/Garnacha) - top red grape of the island, often rustic, spicy and fuller body than its colour. Prem ox is a big problem.
  • Carignano(Cariñena/Carignan)
  • Vermentino - islands premier white grape, Vermentino Di Gallura DOCG is the only DOCG on the island and is located on the rocky dry north side. Aromatic and rich wines may see oak but fresher styles are more common.
  • Malvasia Di Bosa and Vernaccia Di Oristano are both wines which may be produced in an oxidative style reminiscent of Spanish sherries
62
Q

Name all Italian wine regions from north to south, east to west.

A 
20 regions. Good luck 
•Valle D'Aosta
•Piedmont
•Lombardy
•Trentino-Alto Adige
•Veneto
•Fruili-Venezia Giulia
•Liguria
•Emila-Romagna
•Tuscany
•Umbria
•Le Marche
•Laizo 
•Abruzzo
•Molise 
•Campania 
•Puglia
•Basilicata
•Calabria
•Sicily
•Sardegna

CMS and DIPSET (20 decks)

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