DIPWEST D1 Flashcards

Question

In the vine growth cycle, what is bud burst? When does it occor in both hemispheres and what factors affect the timing of this? What are the strengths and weaknesses these timings?

Answer 1

Bud burst is the spring time opening of the buds that will become the new growth for the year. This occors in March-April in the NH and Sept-Oct in SH Earlier bud bursts allow more ripening time but expose the vine to more winter hazards such as frosts. Determining factors: Air temperature: bud burst occors at roughly 10C. Continental regions with more distinctive seasonal changes may have more consistant bud burst and homoginised harvest. Maratime regions are more likely to have uneven harvests. Soil temperatures: warmer soils encourage earlier bud burst. Dry free draining soils are more likely to warm quickly than heavy water storing soils. Grape Varieties: some varieties bud at lower or higher temperatures. These are refered to as early budding or late budding varieties. Varieties budding time does not necessarily affect their ripening time (Grenache is early but late ripening. Human factors: grape growing techniques can advance or delay bud burst. Delayed winter pruning can delay bud burst to avoid areas with frost problems

Answer 2

Shoot and leaf growth is the development of the shoots and leaves during the late spring and early summer. The term vigour is used to describe the vegitative growth. This occors in March-July (NH) and Sept-Jan (SH) The begining of this growth is supported by the stored carbohydrates from last season (may be weakened by last seasons excessive high yields, water stress, infection, excessive leaf removal) Once new leaves are able to grow, it is important that the vines are not water stressed as it may impare photosynthesis and shoot growth, limiting yield and flower development/fruit set.

Answer 3

Buds should be shaded from tempatures above 25C and avoid water stress and nutrient deficiency during development.

Answer 4

Cool climate varietals are able to successfully polinate at far lower temaptures than other classic or hot climate varietals.

Answer 5

Flowering and fruit set is the development of inflorescence and then their self polination. This occors in May-June (NH) and Nov-Dec (SH) Flowering takes place within 8 weeks of of bud burst and requires min 17C. Low tempatures can delay flowering. Fruit set will typically happen for about 30% of flowers but can affect 0-60%. Pollen germination requires warmer tempatures and can be interupted or destroyed by cold tempatures, rain or winds. Irregular fruit set seriously affects yields. Hot, dry, windy areas leading to water stress can also lead to a negitive affect on yields.

Answer 6

Coulure and Millerandage Coulure is a high percentage of flowers failing to develop into grapes. This is caused by a lack of carbohydrates which may be caused by cold and cloudy conditions or water stress limiting photosynthesis or vines diverting carbohydrates from flowers to shoot growth caused by highly fertilized soils or high vigour root stocks. Varietals Cab Sauv, Merlot, Malbec and Grenache Millerandage is the development of a high number of seedless grapes. These grapes can still ripen but are smaller (lower yields) and may stay green and unripe. Can result from cold, wet and windy weather at fruit set. Susceptable varietals include Chardonnay and Merlot

Answer 7

•Early growth - rapid expansion and acumulation of water weight, development of some aromas and precursors. Water stress can lead to smaller grapes or over water can lead to excessive berry size. • Veraison - changing of colour of the skin of the grapes. •Ripening - accumulation of sugars and decressing of malac acids in the grapes. Decreasing in methoxypyrazine compounds. •Extra ripening - extended time on vine will result in the grapes no longer recieving any additional water or sugars and will begin to rasinate on the vine.

Answer 8

Sugars - a rapid accumulation of sugars happens at first and slows as the season progresses. This happens fastest in warm dry conditions. If conditions are too hot the sugars will develop before the aromas and tannins. Decreasing of malac acids - the amount of tartaric acid is consistant but the malac acid concentration will decrease. Temps above 21C lead to rapid loss but below 15C will reduce this rate. Decrease of Methoxypyrazines - decreasing of the aroma compound that is responsible for herbacious flavours. Tannin development - tannins polymerise from simple compounds into longer more complex chains, becoming less bitter Development of aroma and flavour - varietal dependent

Answer 9

Roughly 1/3rd of full sunshine

Answer 10

Anthocyanins are the colour pigments in black grapes

Answer 11

30-50 degrees on both sides of the equator

Answer 12

Tempature will approximately fall by 0.6C for every 100m

Answer 13

Higher altitude sites where the air is thinner and able to hold less moisture and therefore will allow heat to escape more quickly

Answer 14

Lighter colour soils such as chalk heavy champagne and Sancerre reflect more light allowing for additional ripening. Darker coloured soils like the mt etna volcanic soils absorb more heat and will dispurse it later at night allowing for a cooler site with more consistant ripening rather than overstress then cold nights.

Answer 15

500mm of rainfall or 750mm in warmer regions

Answer 16

•Nitrogen •Potassium •Phosphorus •Calcium •Magnesium

Answer 17

Vines have a difficult time absorbing different nutrients at either high or low PH levels. Eg iron is poorly avalible in soils with high pH

Answer 18

Inorganic Organic nutirent compounds (compounds that contain carbon (manure/compost ect) must be broken down by organisms (bacteria, fungis, earthworms) to become avalible forms.

Answer 19

The texture and structure Texture - size of individual particals of soil - clay is fine textured as it is small particals that have a larger amount of surface to size allowing for more nutirent and water holding capacity compared to larger sized sands. Structure - how the individual particals are able to aggregate (form clumps). This affects the density of the soils, workability, easy of root growth and water drainage. Clay clumps well making the soil more soild and harder to grow through while sand is easy to work and for roots to grow through

Answer 20

All temperatures are based on the Growing season temperature (GST) (median growing temperature of the entire season) Cool - <16.5C Moderate - 16.5C to 18.5C Warm - 18.5 to 21C Hot - >21C

Answer 21

GDD - growing degree days - Californian invention, subtract 10C from the average mean temperature of each month and multiply by number of days in that month. Repeat for all months in season and remove any negatives. Add them all together. Huglin index - similar to GDD but accounts for mean and maximum temperature and increased day length at higher latitudes. MJT - Mean temperature of warmest month - calculated from July in NH or Jan in SH, accounts for continentality, humidity and hours of sunshine GST - Growing season temperature - mean temperature of the entire growing season

Answer 22

Maritime - low annual temperature changes and even spread of rainfall Mediterranean - low annual temperature change with rains falling mostly in winter months Continental - most extreme differences between summer and winter, often short summers and cold winters, with temperatures rapidly changing in spring and autumn

Answer 23

Monoculture refers to the vineyard land only sustaining vines (one organism). This benefits the vineyard by removing competition for natural resources and allows for the mechanising of the vineyard Disadvantages: •Leaves vineyard for exposed to pests and dies eases when they do affect it. •no natural replacement of nutrients in the ecosystem •Residual chemicals from treatments can poison and corrupt land

Answer 24

Rupert Steiner and Maria Thun

Answer 25

Preparations. For example preparation 500 is the stuffing of a cow horn with manure over winter then dynamising the contents into water before using it as a homeopathic compost.

Answer 26

Dynamised is the homeopathic technique of mixing an item into water by swirling a vortex and then reversing it. This allows the water to memorise the power of the item

Answer 27

Percision viticulture is the use of data actively collected from the vineyard to inform choices in management. This information allows for the key interventions (pruning, leaf removal, treatments, irrigation, crop thinning, harvesting) and vineyard choices (rootstock choice, ect) to be individually targeted plot by plot, row by row to scientifically increase the chances of receiving the best fruit possible. While the advantages come from minimising unnecessary work while targeting the most effective way to assist the plants, the up front cost and requirement for specialised technicians and data analysts makes this only effective at vineyards with massive upfront capital and smaller sites. USA and Australia are the 2 major countries incorporating this technology

Answer 28

Pests: rootknot nematodes and other pests are major problems in some areas that can be addressed. Water: rootstock can be tolerant to water logged soils or drought Soil pH: different rootstocks can be more or less effective at absorbing nutrients in high or low ph soils. Vigour: root stock can slow grow and encourage ripening or boost vigour and yields for areas that are infertile and dry.

Answer 29

High vigour rootstocks as they produce large yields of grapes with delicate aromas and high acidity rather than lower yields with higher concentrated aroma, colour or tannin

Answer 30

Vines < 2-3 years often have their flowers removed to allow all growth to be focused into their root structure. Vine < 5 years will produce lower yields as their root structures are not complete Vines 10 - 40 years are in their prime and will produce the largest yields Vines > 40 years will begin to have lower yield and thus will often be replaced. Old vines may be kept if they are able to achieve a super premium price that is able to balance against the decreased yields. Old vines are generally associated with quality but there is not complete theory as to confirm this. Theories as to why include •larger old wood leading to more carbohydrates for early season or when under stress, • planted in the most favourable spots • vines that produce better fruit are less likely to be removed and therefore create a self confirming bias • the vines have become better balanced to their environment.

Answer 31

The Historic Vineyard Society in California and The Barossa Old Vine Charter

Answer 32

Organic - derived from fresh or composted plant or animal material. Cheep, high in humus and provides nutrition for soil organisms promoting good soil health and structure. Slow release of nutrients for plants. Heavy and expensive to transport and spread Inorganic - manufactured from minerals extracted from the ground or synthetic chemicals. Concentrated and expensive but since it is pure chemicals they are immediately active for the plant and can be tailored to specific problems more easily. Light weight and easy to spread

Answer 33

Cultivation is a method of weed control that involves ploughing the soil to cut and disturb the roots of weeds. This is advantageous as it is biodynamic friendly and can allow for the immediate incorporation of fertilisers at the same time. It's weaknesses are that repeated cultivation damages soil health, costly in both manpower and machinery, does not remove the weeds seeds and can lead to excessive vigour in the vines due to a lack of competition

Answer 34

Pre emergence - sprayed before weeds establish. Persist on surface and are absorbed by young germinating weeds to kill them off early Contact herbicides - spray on the green part to kill the plant Systemic Herbicides - sprayed on existing plants, absorbed through leaves and taken into sap of the entire plant to kill it.

Answer 35

Strengths - cheep, easy, less disruptive to soil health than cultivation. Weaknesses - poison, weeds can become resistant, diminished competition leading to excessive vigour and not biodynamic and organic friendly

Answer 36

Strengths - organic, provide manure and can be eaten later Weaknesses - vines must be trained to grow out of animals reach, animals must be cared for (cost and labour), animals are susceptible to pesticides

Answer 37

Cover crops are a plant that is allowed to grow that have a beneficial effect for the vineyard. They may, improve soil structure, reduce vigour in the vines through competition, increase Vinyard biodiversity, manage soil erosion and provide a surface to drive on. They can also prevent weeds by not allowing them free space to grow. The specific plant that may be used can be tailored to any specific region depending on what is required. Common choices can include cereal grains (ryegrass and oats) and legumes (beans and clovers) Less suitable for high drought areas where water is scarce and in steep vineyard sites where they become slippery when wet

Answer 38

Mulching is the spreading of an organic matter into the vineyards to suppress the growth of weeds. These are normally biodegradable materials such as straw or barkchips that will breakdown into nutrients. Organic friendly, reduces water evaporation and is great fertiliser and promotes soil health Weakness is it is very bulky and only effective when you use a lot of it. Expensive process and can increase vigour.

Answer 39

Cultivation Herbicides Animal grazing Cover crops Mulching

Answer 40

Drip irrigation - well controlled and water efficient. This is an incredible effective system but is expensive to set up and requires consistent maintenance even when everything is going well. Sluice irrigation- allowing a build up of water behind a sluice then flooding the vineyard, cheep but wasteful. Channel irrigation - similar to sluice but using channels which must be maintained that run through the vineyard. More efficient than flooding but is mainly used in areas like Argentina that do not have water issues. Overhead sprinklers - expensive to install and maintain and require a high level of water pressure for effective use. But can be used to protect from frost in emergencies

Answer 41

•Maximise the effectiveness of light interception by the vine canopy. •Reduce the shade in the canopy •ensure an even microclimate for all grapes for a even ripening •promote balance between vegetal and reproductive functions of the vine •easy of mechanical or manual labour •promote air circulation

Answer 42

Vines exposed to sunlight will grow more reproductive structures such as inflorescences while shaded vines will grow more vegetal structures such as tendrils. This is how vines grow in the wild as they must be able to grow until they are able to produce fruit visible to birds for their reproductive aims.

Answer 43

•increased sugar levels in grapes due to overall increase in photosynthesis •increased tannin levels and greater polymerisation of those tannins, decreasing bitterness •enhanced anthyocyanin (colour) development in black grapes •decreased malic acid (tartaric acid remains) •increased levels of some favourable aroma precursors and aroma compounds •decreased methoxypyrazines

Answer 44

Undercropping (defined by having too few grape bunches per vine) results in the vine having too much vigour for just the grapes present and will begin to grow more vegetal components. This will in turn, compete for sugar and other growth components with the grape bunches and negatively affect grape ripening and formation. Over cropping will force the vine to use its reserves of carbohydrates and sugars from its trunk and roots to support the growth. This will in turn make it weaker for winter when those nutrients are required. This will negatively affect next years harvest. A balanced cycle will allow for the right number of grapes that the vine does not have extra vigour and will not grow more shoots, decrease overall canopy density, allow more sunshine into the vines and encourage more reproductive growth.

Answer 45

Vine density is important to consider the vigour of the vines and their expected canopy. Areas high in resources with low vigour vines can be planted very close to maximise competition, vine rows must be far enough apart as to not shade each other and allow any mechanical operations to occur. In water poor areas the vines may be spread further out as to allow their roots to spread wide in the search for water. For orientation, it is generally considered that vines should be planted north-south for best sunlight exposure but due to afternoon sunshine's increased intensity the west facing grapes may need additional shading. Other factors like prevailing winds or slopes greater than 10 degrees may require alternative direction as to prevent machines slipping or damage to the vines and fruits.

Answer 46

Head trained vines are just the trunk of the vine with maybe a few small stubs. These may be either spur pruned or replacement cane pruned. Cordon training refers to the one or more long horizontal arms or permanent wood that provide a stable base for spur pruning. Takes longer to establish

Answer 47

Low trained vines refer to shorter trunks. This allows for greater use of the heat retained by the soil as well as protection from wind. High trained are taller trunks that provide greater frost protection and ease of labour. This is required for some mechanical processes

Answer 48

Vine pruning is the removal of unwanted plant material. Winter pruning is especially important as the selection of the number and location of buds for the following harvest. Spur pruning - short sections of one year wood are cut back to only contain 2-3 buds distributed along a cordon or around the head of the trunk. This is the easier of the 2 methods and can be mechanised Replacement cane pruning is using one long piece of one year wood with 8-20ish buds on it to for a kind of temporary cordon. A spur is also kept as to grow into the replacement cane for next year. This technique requires a skilled workforce to select and train suitable canes

Answer 49

Trellises are permanent structures made of posts and wires that support and position the vine roots.

Answer 50

Bush trained vines. These are normally head trained spur pruned. These are traditionally used in hot climates where grapes require extra shielding from the intensity of the sun. While they are cheep to set up they also can cause additional disease pressure in wet climates by restricting circulation and cannot be machine harvested

Answer 51

VSP - vertical shoot positioning - the shoots are held in place on a trellis wire to for a single canopy. Can be both head trained replacement cane pruned (Guyot training) or cordon spur pruned.

Answer 52

These are ways to trellising vines with an ability to support large yields of higher quality fruits. Setup and mechanisation are both more difficult but can be balanced by higher yields. Geneva double curtain - high trained horizontal H format with shoots falling down to other trellis layers Lyre - reverse of the GDC the H is lower trained and the shoots are trained vertically Scott Henry - a double layered head trained replacement cane pruned system with one set of shoots growing up and one set growing down

Answer 53

•Debudding - removal of excess buds or poorly positioned buds for vine balance. Most vineyards will leave excess buds over winter to combat potential spring damage •Shoot removal - removal of infertile and poorly positioned shoots •Shoot positioning - tucking shoots into trellis wires to organise canopy •Pinching - removing shoot tips at flowering to improve fruit set •Shoot trimming - cutting shoots to limit growth, competition for carbohydrates and lowers disease pressure and increases spray penetration •Leaf removal - reduces shading to increase ripening •Crop thinning - removing some bunches to decrease competition and increase ripeness of those bunches remaining - process is timed to be near veraison

Answer 54

With a lack of water the leaves of a vine will close their stomata and limit photosynthesis. This will limit grape size and ripening. Management • irrigation where possible or allowed • drought resistant root stocks • drought resistant varietals such as Garnacha

Answer 55

Excess water can lead to excess vegetal growth, increased risk of fungal growths due to humidity and heavier canopies, water logging in soils will also limit oxygen to roots, slowing growth and eventually killing the vine, water logged soils are also hard to work with. Management •vineyards in high water environment must be planned to have free draining soils, planted on slopes or have drainage systems

Answer 56

Rain during fruit set can lead to millerandage or coulure, Rain just before verasion encourages shoot growth and limits ripening quality Rain around harvest can split berries and can swell grapes reducing quality Management •nothing can be done about the rains but similar steps to excess water can be taken to decrease affects. •monitoring weather forecasts allows winemakers to balance early picking to avoid rains vs risking it for additional ripeness

Answer 57

Fully dormant vines can survive up to -20C but after that may suffer permanent damage or die. Canada, Washington and China are all major risk areas Management •planting on slopes for higher temperatures that valley floors •planting near large bodies of water •planting where the snow is the thickest as deep snow is insulating •cold resistant varieties like Cab Franc and Riesling •Cold resistant root stock that can live up to -30C •building up soil around the graft of a vine to insulate it (hilling up) •Burying vines entirely (massively costly - can be major cost of an entire vineyard) •vines may be pruned to have several trunks so it may be replaced if one dies

Answer 58

•Advective frost - large amounts of cold air moving in •Radiative frosts - warmth in the earth escaping from the earth on cold still nights allows for freezing air to collect in the valley floor and frost

Answer 59

Frosts are a fucking nightmare - they easily kill buds and young shoots that are full of water as well as interrupt fruit set. Vines will naturally attempt a second wave of buds if the first die but these are less fruitful and will ripen at a later more dangerous point of the season. Management decreasing chances •planting vineyard to avoid frost pockets •Delayed pruning to postpone fruit set to later months •late budding varieties like Riesling •high trained vines •bare soil rather than cover crop between vines to increase soil heat retention and radiation Management when frost threatens •water sprinklers •wind machines 4-7m high that help to pull warm air from above back down to ground. (These have been found to break even if frost threatens 1/5 years) •Helicopters for short term, high cost solutions •oil or propane burning heater (smudge pots) or wax candles (bougies) - high labour and fuel cost, low efficiency and air pollution.

Answer 60

Hails a a destructive force no matter when they happen. They can destroy or damage fruit or vegetal structures at any point and decrease yields or increase botrytis pressure. Management *rockets may be fired into thunderclouds, seeding them with silver iodide to cause rainfall rather than hail. *netting may be used but the increased shading makes it negative for places already limited in sunshine like burgundy. *hail is very selective, multiple plots in several areas allows for less chance of a completely damaged harvest *factoring in the cost of hail damage into the final product/Hail insurance

Answer 61

Grapes are less efficient at transpiration and will reach higher temperatures than leaves. This will lead to sunburn on the skins that can lead to negative grape quality, bitter tastes, susceptibility to rot due to skin damage and possibly the death of the grapes. Chances of sunburn increase with water starved vines Management •row orientation to avoid one side becoming assaulted by the afternoon sun. •canopy management to increase shade when required •Additional irrigation or water during heatwaves to reduce water stress •special grape sunscreen, Cloth or netting

DIPWEST D1 Flashcards

(85 cards)