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Social and organisational Psychology 2 > SP: Sustainability > Flashcards

SP: Sustainability Flashcards

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1
Q

How do people measure world views

A

Self report

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2
Q

What is the link between egoistic world views and altruistic

A

Appears to have a negative correlation

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3
Q

What is meant by consumerism?

A

An ideology and social system that encourages the ongoing acquisition of goods and services

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4
Q

What is meant by materialism?

A

A value system where status is determined by affluence and ownership

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5
Q

Why may people live in bigger homes?

A

Possibly these values making people think that will make them happy

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6
Q

How can happiness be defined into two categories?

A

Positive affect;
Frequency of experience of positive feelings, moods, and emotions such as joy
Subjective wellbeing; Satisfaction with one’s life Feeling life is close to an ideal

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7
Q

What can higher materialism lead to?

A

lower wellbeing, lower prosocial behaviour

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8
Q

What three ways can we think about nature?

A
  1. Master; Nature exists for human use. Economic growth and technology can solve any environmental problem.
  2. Steward We have a responsibility to care for nature on behalf of God and/or future generations.
  3. Participant Humans are part of nature and share in its health or illness.
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9
Q

What is meant by environmental sustainability?

A

Stable ecosystem, resources, and toxins (putting back in what you take out)

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10
Q

What is meant by the keeling curve?

A

A graph which plots the ongoing change in concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere

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11
Q

What would be an example of a market solution to environmental issues?

A

Factoring in the price of CO2 emissions or destroying fisheries into plane tickets of fish price

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12
Q

How could you phrase energy savings in order to encourage using less?

A

Social comparison

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13
Q

After the activists caused disruption in London how did public opinion change?

A

4% rise in strong support

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14
Q

What could be an alternative explanation of big shift in public opinion polls?

A

Private beliefs may become more public, this can be called social signalling.

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15
Q

How well in environmental concern correlated with action?

A

very low in most countries

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16
Q

What steps does the theory of emergency response consist of?

A
  1. Notice the problem
  2. Interpret the problem as an emergency
  3. Feeling responsible to act
  4. Knowing what to do
  5. Doing it
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17
Q

What four threats get our attention?

A
  1. Intentional
  2. Immoral
  3. Imminent
  4. Instantaneous
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18
Q

What is the effect of slow change as opposed to fast change on our reaction

A

We accept them more readily

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19
Q

What psychological barriers are there in noticing the problem

A

a) Lack of information or comprehension
b) Low perception of threat (the four I’s)
c) Rejection of conflicting information

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20
Q

What psychological barriers are there in interpreting the problems an emergency?

A

a) (a-c) above.

b) As the question becomes more verbal and elaborate (issue vs. emergency): motivated reasoning

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21
Q

What psychological barriers are there in feeling responsible to act?

A

a) Self-interest
b) Free riding
c) Belief in a just world

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22
Q

Name 6 ways to reduce free riding

A
  1. Individual performance can be evaluated
  2. Expect to be punished for poor performance 3. Individual effort is necessary for success
  3. The task is important to you
  4. The group is small
  5. The group is cohesive
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23
Q

Why is believing in a just world a barrier?

A

Belief in a just world is a barrier to action because it reduces the perception of a problem and the acceptance of responsibility

24
Q

How can we re-frame the environmental conservation discussion in order to increase public action?

A

Apply it to people; apply climate change to what people already care about

25
Q

How can we reduce 30% of all US emissions through individual actions?

A

Upgrading households with current technology

26
Q

What three R’s of climate change should we communicate?

A

Reality (Scientists, harmful now and will get worse)
Risk (will get worse than we expected, we may experience surprises)
Response (sooner we respond, the better off we’ll be and there’s a lot we can do)

27
Q

How does social Identity affect change

A

Environmentalists are associated with different groups. Some groups want to be seen as this group, others will make deliberate attempts not to (conservatists)

28
Q

How can this knowledge of the impact of social identity differ the approach?

A

Do not use environmentalist logos to detach that identity with it (Rhinos)

29
Q

What is meant by weatherisation?

A

Reducing the amount of energy to heat a home (insulation etc)

30
Q

What fundamental social dilemma do trade offs reflect?

A

Trade-offs reflect a fundamental social dilemma: do we choose the selfish option that comes with an immediate and high personal reward or do we go with the long-term socially cooperative choice that is in the best interest of society

31
Q

Name two ways climate change is a unique issue

A
  1. Enormous scale will lead to cascading problems
  2. Climate change is psychologically unprecedented as a social dilemma because of the unique cognitive and social challenges it presents to people
32
Q

Name four ways climate change is often perceived

A

invisible, gradual, distributed and long-term

33
Q

What has Kahneman and Tversky’s famous work on biases shown regarding potential future losses?

A

when potential future losses are paired with uncertainty, people tend to become more risk-seeking.

34
Q

What is the effect of facts and knowledge on behaviour change?

A

It is insufficient

35
Q

What are the three psychological challenges regarding climate change?

A

Climate change is not seen as a moral issue, There is little social kudos for action and our brains intuitively underestimate climate change

36
Q

When observing other people’s effects on the environment what is important to people in deciding their responsibility?

A

Perceived intentionality, We’re careful in dishing out credit but are quick to assign blame.

37
Q

Why did moral feelings evolve?

A

evolved to respond to agentic, imminent threats

38
Q

How does this not work efficiently with climate change?

A

Climate change is a statistical abstraction and that makes it difficult to activate cognitive architecture that evolved moral feelings to thwart threats.

39
Q

Name two key drivers of human cooperation and prosocial behaviour

A

. Moral norms and perceived moral responsibilty

40
Q

Give three solutions to this psychological challenge (moral issue)

A
  1. Frame communication around the specific values of the audience
  2. Highlight the villains
  3. Appeal to intrinsically valued long-term envrionmental goals
41
Q

What does moral foundations theory suggest?

A

Moral foundations theory suggests that different groups rely on different moral foundations

42
Q

Why highlight heroes and villains?

A

Heroes and villains are powerful tools to capture human imagination – climate change has both.

43
Q

What are the problems associated with using external rewards to motivate behaviour?

A

Desired behavior vanishes when external reward is removed; presence of external rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation
- Lasting behavior: connecting sustainable behavior to morally desirable goals and being a good citizen

44
Q

What is meant by the theory of normative conduct?

A

Social norms only direct human behaviour when they are active and salient.

45
Q

What is the problem with sustainability norms?

A

Sustainability norms, whether descriptive (information about what other people do) or prescriptive (what other people think you should be doing), are neither active nor salient in many places and contexts and there is no social judgement (nobody will judge you for eating meat).

46
Q

Name three ways we can promote social norms through sustainability

A
  1. Leverage relevant social group norms
    - Signal the desirability of sustainable norms by communicating what others are doing to help and tying those behaviours to valued groups
  2. Avoid pairing desired behaviors with unwanted identities
    - Some don’t want to be seen as an environmentalist
  3. Support advocates across social, religious and political boundaries
    - Speaking only with others similar to you makes it harder to simulate what diverse others are thinking
47
Q

What about climate change prevents people from having stronger and more immediate reactions to it?

A

Climate change is an abstract statistical phenomenon that does not easily trigger our intuitive, associative and affective warning system, which is largely based on experience and evolved to map visible environmental cues into concrete threats.

48
Q

What is the effect of psychological distance?

A

lets people assume that it is more likely to happen to others.

49
Q

Name four other biases which allow us to underestimate climate change

A

heavily discounting future risk and rewards, undue optimism bias about our ability to mitigate potential harms, justifying the status quo, and affective forecasting errors that lead us to assume that the future will generally resemble the present.

50
Q

Explain three ways of counteracting these biases

A
  1. Facilitate more affective and experiential engagement
    - Make connections between people’s lives and the environment
    - Bring people to nature, as nature experiences can facilitate human cooperation and help individuals form personal and affective experiences to supplement their abstract understanding of climate change
  2. Reduce psychological distance
    - Emphasising local, rather than global, impacts
  3. Frame policy solutions in terms of what can be gained from immediate action
    - Focus on benefits
51
Q

When may climate change deniers act in ways to support mitigation efforts?

A

Where they believe these efforts will have positive societal effects because people have strong interests in the welfare of their society

52
Q

Describe the first study in this article

A

In Study 1, climate change deniers (N=155) intended to act more pro-environmentally where they thought climate change action would create a society where people are more considerate and caring, and where there is greater economic/technological development.

53
Q

What were the conclusions formed from the second study?

A

(N=347) To motivate deniers’ pro-environmental actions, communication should focus on how mitigation efforts canpromote a better society, rather than focusing on the reality of climate change and averting its risks.

54
Q

How may people hold these beliefs despite overwhelming evidence contrary?

A
  • People are motivated to hold a certain attitude, discrepant evidence is more likely to be avoided, dismissed as biased or judged against an unrealistically high burden of proof,whereas evidence supporting a pre-existing attitude is evaluated with little criticism
55
Q

What does environmental citizenship include?

A

supporting pro-environmental organizations and individuals (for whom climate change is likely to be a key concern), and contributing to public pressure for political action (signing petitions,writing to politicians and newspapers)

Social and organisational Psychology 2 (14 decks)

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