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Social and organisational Psychology 2 > SP: Norms and Conformity > Flashcards

SP: Norms and Conformity Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a social norm

A

A generally accepted way of thinking, feeling or behaving that most people in a group agree on.

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2
Q

Name and describe the two types of social norms

A

Descriptive social norms are mental representations of what people feel, think and do. Injunctive social norms are what people should feel, think and do.

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3
Q

What motives do each of these norms serve?

A

Descriptive- connectedness

Injunctive- mastery

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4
Q

What kind of stimulus can induce group conformity?

A

Both ambiguous and objective stimulus (Acsh’s experiment)

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5
Q

Define conformity

A

The convergence of individual’s thoughts, feelings or behaviour towards a social norm.

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6
Q

Name and describe the two types of conformity

A

Private conformity is when you are truly persuaded that the group is right and willingly and privately accept accept group norms as their own beliefs, public conformity is when you conform to real or imagined group pressure despite not privately agreeing to the norm.

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7
Q

Why may people publicly conform?

A

They may fear ridicule and rejection

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8
Q

How may social influence effect what a person sees

A

By impacting early visual perceptual processing

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9
Q

What world perception may cause conformity?

A

They expect everyone to see the world the same way and expect to see the world the same way others do

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10
Q

Describe the false-consensus effect

A

The tendency to overestimate other’s agreement with one’s own opinions, characteristics and behaviour.

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11
Q

What can effect the strength of the false-consensus effect

A

The more important the connection to others, the stronger the effect

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12
Q

How do norms fulfil mastery motives?

A

by helping us understand the world and predicting it better. Consensus tells us something about reality. descriptive norms are powerful guides to reality.

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13
Q

What is meant by informational influence?

A

Norms have an informational influence. This is the process by which group norms are privately accepted to achieve or maintain mastery of reality.

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14
Q

What effect does group size have on the amount of influence the group exerted?

A

Effect increased with size but only up to a certain point.

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15
Q

What can decrease conformity in a group

A

One person deviating from the norms

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16
Q

How do norms fulfil connectedness motives?

A

Consensus provides and expresses our identity and values.

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17
Q

What type of influence is associated with the connectedness motive? Describe this influence

A

Normative influence; the process by which group norms are privately accepted top achieve connectedness and valued social identity

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18
Q

When are people more likely to accept a certain groups norms

A

When they are reminded of their membership to a group that’s important to them

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19
Q

How do norms fulfil a me and mine’s motives?

A

People tend to conform to the in-group rather than the out-group. People want to see their themselves in a positive light and thus see their in-group as right and conform to them and see the out-group as wrong and don’t conform to them.

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20
Q

How does in-group and out-group messages affect processing

A

In-group messages receive more systematic processing than out-group

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21
Q

What is meant by a reference group?

A

Those people accepted as an appropriate source of information for judgement because they share the attributes relevant for making that judgement.

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22
Q

What reference group do people generally use when having to make a judgement about a basic skill or fact?

A

Almost everyone

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23
Q

When do people use more similar people as a reference group?

A

When making a judgement about complex skills, value-laden or opinion-based judgements.

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24
Q

When do people use peers as a reference group?

A

When making a judgement about personal and social judgements

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25
Q

What is meant by group polarisation?

A

The process by which a groups initial average position gradually becomes more extreme following group interaction.

26
Q

When is it possible for compromise to occur in a group?

A

If the group is divided but balanced

27
Q

Is group polarisation more likely to occur when people are processing systematically or superficially?

A

It can occur in both but systematically is more likely

28
Q

How may group polarisation occur if people are processing superficially?

A

People can superficially use the group norm to guide their own position. Consensus is used as a heuristic. superficial acceptance of group norms can lead opinions toward the extreme, this is especially true when people want to be the ‘best’ group member.

29
Q

When a group uses systematic processing, what four factors play a part in group polarisation?

A

Majority arguments being more numerous, discussed more, being more compelling and being presented as more compelling.

30
Q

What effect is associated with majority arguments seeming more compelling?

A

Mere exposure effect

31
Q

How are majority arguments presented more compellingly?

A

Majority views are expressed faster, people who hold the view of the majority are more confident in expressing their view and majority arguments are seen as common ground which makes them more persuasive.

32
Q

When does the inference that consensus views are valid not hold true?

A

If it is consensus without consideration. It is less strong if people reaching the consensus may have influenced each others view.

33
Q

Why might people perceive an in group consensus as more valid than an out group consensus?

A

People view the in-group as more diverse and the consensus thus as more persuasive, because the chance of contamination is lower and the out-group as more homogeneous and the consensus thus less persuasive because the chance of contamination is higher.

34
Q

What is meant by contamination?

A

When someone reaches a ‘false’ conclusion. The more people in a group that do this, the more contamination

35
Q

Why may group members comply and change behaviour?

A

Those that don’t agree with popular positions are often criticised and disparaged. This often includes bullying and threat of exclusion until people comply to regain the groups favour.

36
Q

What reactions to a deviant opinion make people more likely to conform? When may this not be the case?

A

When their opinion triggers angry reactions unless they have another group to go to

37
Q

What is meant by pluralistic ignorance?

A

When everyone publicly conforms to an apparent norm that no one privately accepts

38
Q

When does conformity to a norm fulfil master and connectedness motives? (3)

A

when the consensus reflects careful consideration, is free from contamination and is privately accepted.

39
Q

What is meant by group think?

A

Group decision making that is impaired by the drive to reach consensus regardless of how the consensus is formed, this impairs effective decision making.

40
Q

When does groupthink generally occur?

A

When people feel overwhelming pressure to come to agreement to maintain a positive view in the face of threat.

41
Q

What groups are most likely to groupthink?

A

Groups that utilise a “who we are and what we stand for” mentality. Similar group members are more likely to use the same biases

42
Q

What is the effect of group think on the perception of the group?

A

Gives an illusion of unification rather than a true consensus.

43
Q

How may groups avoid a consensus without consideration?

A

Group members must engage in open inquiry and engage and encourage dissenting points of view

44
Q

How may groups avoid consensus which is contaminated?

A

Group membership can initially selected for diversity

45
Q

How may groups avoid public rather than private conformity?

A

Don’t do public votes

46
Q

Why can a minority in a group exert influence?

A

Groups expect to agree so this can undermine the confidence in the correctness of a majority consensus or norm.

47
Q

What should a minority do in order to have influence when dissenting?

A

offer an alternative consensus

48
Q

Why are minorities most influential when they are consistent?

A

Consistency is important because it conveys commitment to the viability of an alternative position.

49
Q

Who are more likely to dissent themselves?

A

Someone who was recently exposed to dissent

50
Q

What is the effect of a minority being apart of the in-group?

A

They have more influence

51
Q

Describe an effective method of promoting minority influence

A

Confirming one’s in group credentials by agreeing before dissenting .

52
Q

Why is this method of promoting minority influence effective?

A

It makes other in-group members wonder why the in-group minority thinks the way it does and promotes systematic processing

53
Q

How may minorities affect private and public change?

A

Minorities often produce more private than public change in majority members’ opinions and behaviours

54
Q

How may minority dissent be a facilitator of creativity of creativity and innovation?

A

Systematic processing leads people to think more creatively about the topic and this may allow them to see novel connections and to look at things from a fresh perspective.

55
Q

Does majority or minority provide positive connectedness?

A

Both

56
Q

What is the best way to promote effective group norm formation and consensus seeking?

A

Make group members more critical and systematic thinkers as a group rather than as individuals

57
Q

When is informational influence most salient?

A

When the situation is ambiguous, large numbers and uncertain about yourself

58
Q

What immediate physical responses are there to exclusion?

A

Increased heart rate and blood pressure, depressed mood, negative emotions, lower self-esteem, lower sense of belonging etc and fMRI show similar to physical pain

59
Q

What qualities does a cult leader tend to have?

A

Authoritarian, dominant and charismatic

60
Q

Are cults informative or normative influence?

A

Both, New and definitive solution to all problems (personal and generally on this earth), Provides a strong sense of belonging

Social and organisational Psychology 2 (14 decks)

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