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Social and organisational Psychology 2 > SP: Aggression and Conflict > Flashcards

SP: Aggression and Conflict Flashcards

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1
Q

Why did Sherrill kill 14 employees and injure 6 others?

A

He was enraged at the prospect of getting fired from his postal job

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2
Q

What techniques do some psychotherapies often utilise to vent anger

A

scream, hit pillows, throw balls or primal therapy

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3
Q

How would you construct a mad box to help children deal with their emotions?

A

1) fill the box with paper, can cut pictures from a magazine or write things down that make you mad. 2) tape the box shut 3) use a plastic bat or jump on the box until it shreds 3) burn or recycle the remnants

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4
Q

What is the actual effect of directing aggression at a person directly or indirectly?

A

turns up the heat on aggression

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5
Q

Why is this myth of catharsis still popular

A

Because people sometimes feel better for a short time after they blow off steam and people may also wrongly attribute this to catharsis rather than it naturally subsiding

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6
Q

Define aggression

A

Aggression is the delivery of an aversive stimulus from one person to another with an expectation of causing such harm when the other person is motivated to escape or avoid the stimulus

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7
Q

What is meant by conflict?

A

Conflict refers to a perceived incompatibility of goals between two or more parties.

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8
Q

What are the two types of aggression?

A

Instrumental aggression (cold) refers to aggression serving mastery needs and aggression used to achieve goals. Hostile aggression (warm) refers to aggression that is driven by emotion.

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9
Q

What is Lorenz perspective on aggression?

A

Lorenz states that it’s human nature to be aggressive and aggression is inevitable.

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10
Q

Name a function of aggression. Is this necessary?

A

To assert dominance; no

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11
Q

How can aggression be measured

A

hot sauce paradigm

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12
Q

How must aggression research be confirmed?

A

Both inside and outside the lab. Construct validity is very important.

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13
Q

How is aggression usually triggered?

A

perceptions and interpretations of the situation.

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14
Q

What perception regarding rewards makes people more aggressive?

A

People who believe that aggression leads to rewards are more aggressive.

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15
Q

What does this perception lead people to often do?

A

make a cost- benefit equation of aggression.

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16
Q

What two threats can often result in interpersonal aggression?

A

Self-esteem or connectedness

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17
Q

Being reminded of what can also increase aggression?

A

Mortality

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18
Q

What does the frustration-aggression theory state?

A

The frustration-aggression theory states that any frustration inevitably triggers aggression.

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19
Q

Define frustration

A

Frustration is any act (of another person) that blocks an important goal.

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20
Q

What did Berkowitz state on aggression?

A

aggression doesn’t occur because of frustration, but because of the negative feelings that result. Not all negative emotions result in aggression, disgust does not.

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21
Q

What is the effect of exposure to aggressive models?

A

makes violent behaviour seem more appropriate because it stimulates aggressive thoughts and feelings.

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22
Q

Name a cue that could make aggression more likely

A

Seeing a weapon

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23
Q

When are angry feelings and negative thoughts likely to lead to aggression?

A

When thinking superficially

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24
Q

Name three factors that can limit someone’s capacity to process deeply and increase the odds of aggression

A

Emotional arousal, Alcohol use,Time pressure

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25
Q

What is the effect of being habituated to aggression?

A

Change someone’s perception of aggression. It makes it more likely that people find aggression viable.

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26
Q

What added effect can alcohol have to produce aggression?

A

Alcohol causes people to assess the consequences of the situation less well.

27
Q

What does the general aggression model state?

A

The general aggression model states that person and situation factors influence people’s cognition, emotions, and arousal, which in turn influence interpretations of the situations and decisions about aggression.

28
Q

Are individuals or groups more competitive?

A

Groups

29
Q

What can increase competitiveness regarding groups?

A

Reminders of group membership

30
Q

How can drives lead to aggression? (2)

A

Individuals and groups turn to aggression for valued material resources (scarce resources/mastery) or respect and esteem (connectedness).

31
Q

What is meant by the realistic conflict theory?

A

intergroup hostility arises from competition among groups for scarce but valued material resources

32
Q

How does liking with the in-group relate to competition?

A

Liking for the in-group increases with competition.

33
Q

What does the relative deprivation theory state

A

The relative deprivation theory states that feelings of discontent arise from the belief that other individuals or other groups are better off. It is checking how much worse you’re doing than someone else.

34
Q

What is meant by fraternal relative deprivation?

A

the sense that one’s group is not doing as well as other groups

35
Q

What is meant by egoistic deprivation?

A

Egoistic deprivation is about the individual, fraternal relative deprivation is about groups.

36
Q

What can intergroup bias lead to?

A

conflict

37
Q

What is a potential benefit of conflicts in group cohesion? Why is this<

A

Conflict has the potential of unifying groups because conflict demands loyalty, solidarity and strict adherence.

38
Q

What are the effects of threats? (3)

A

Threats provoke counterthreats, diminish people’s willingness to compromise and generate hostility.

39
Q

What can simply be enough to bring about a threat’s use?

A

Availability

40
Q

What is the effect of threat’s dominating conversations?

A

Crowding out messages about cooperative solutions

41
Q

When can communication effectively deter and resolve conflicts?

A

when threats are not permitted or when threats are avoided.

42
Q

What is meant by deterrence?

A

Deterrence is threatening to use force in the hope of preventing an adversary’s use of force.

43
Q

What is meant by vicarious retribution?

A

Vicarious retribution refers to when members of a group who were not themselves directly harmed by an attack retaliate against members of the offending group.

44
Q

What is meant by coalition forming?

A

Coalition formation occurs when two or more parties pool their resources to obtain a mutual goal they probably could not achieve alone.

45
Q

What is the effect of the formation of alliances and coalitions between nations?

A

usually increases the possibility of armed hostility.

46
Q

What is the relationship between conflict and perceptual biases?

A

Perceptual biases become stronger during conflict

47
Q

What three blindspots do groups in conflict tend to develop?

A

The in group can do no wrong, out group can do no good and the in group is all powerful

48
Q

What is meant buy reactive devaluation

A

Reactive devaluation refers to perceiving a proposed solution to a conflict negatively simply because the out-group offers it.

49
Q

How does the in-group see itself as all powerful?

A

The in-group sees itself as having might as well as right on its side. This leads to being preoccupied with appearing powerful, prestigious, tough and courageous. This is also called hairy chest syndrome.

50
Q

How can conflict lead to biased attributions of behaviour?

A

actions of the in-group are seen as more positive and actions of the out-group are seen as negative.

51
Q

How can conflict lead to relying on stereotypes?

A

Conflict leads to stress and this leads to simplistic thinking; relying on stereotypes.

52
Q

Explain the three important factors push a group to seek elimination of an out group?

A
  1. A difference in power between the groups translates desire into action
    Power gives a group the ability to attain its goals without fear of interference or retaliation and this increases its ability and motivation to discriminate the opponent.
  2. Moral exclusion blocks moral outrage
    Moral exclusion is especially likely when people harm others under orders from their in-group authorities.
  3. Routinization produces desensitization
    Repetition of individual actions becomes routine and this leads to extreme actions becoming mundane.
53
Q

Describe the fundamental reason that groups are more aggressive than individuals.

A

Groups offer a rich soil for rationalizing negative acts that are motivated by greed or fear of the out- group. The power of groups to define norms for their members is the most fundamental reason that groups are often more aggressive than individuals.

54
Q

Name two ways of reducing aggression

A

Similarity reduces aggression. By promoting norms of non-aggression, conflict can be reduced.

55
Q

How can one interpret the provocation differently? How can this help?

A

Self-distancing, taking another view of the situation, can help us interpret the provocation differently, which reduces aggressive reactions.

56
Q

How else can we reduce aggression?

A

Promoting empathy with others can also reduce aggression.

57
Q

What three types of solutions are given?

A

There are imposed solutions (one side forces the solution), distributive solutions (compromise) and integrative solutions. Integrative solutions are win-win solutions

58
Q

What is meant by negotiation?

A

Negotiation is the process by which parties in conflict communicate and influence each other to reach an agreement

59
Q

Name two crucial elements of negotiation

A

Negotiation requires time. Building trust is crucial in negotiations

60
Q

What is the best solution is the conflict is too intense?

A

If the conflict is too intense, third-party intervention can be the best because it reduces the competitive element of negotiations.

61
Q

What is meant by superordinate goals?

A

shared goals that can be attained only if groups work together.

62
Q

Name five elements that make intergroup cooperation effective

A

Cooperation should be for a valued common goal, which eliminates competition for material and social resources.
Cooperation should provide repeated opportunities to disconfirm out-group stereotypes
Cooperation should produce successful results
Cooperation should take place between equals, at least for the task at hand
Cooperation should be supported and promoted by social norms

63
Q

What is the effect of groups failing while working together?

A

each is likely to blame the other and hostility may even increase.

64
Q

Why does intergroup cooperation resolve conflict over concrete resources

A

because it makes the out-group a source of rewards rather than punishments.

Social and organisational Psychology 2 (14 decks)

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