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MONTH 6 > South Africa > Flashcards

South Africa Flashcards

1
Q

The history of the vine in South Africa can be traced to-

A

1655, when Jan van Riebeeck of the Dutch East India Company founded Cape Town and est its 1st vineyard

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2
Q

Which estate eclipsed the modest winemaking tradition of predecessors in late 1600’s?

A

Governor Simon van der Stel’s Constantia estate, the sweet Vin de Constance became the 1st New World wine to be coveted throughout the courts of Europe

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3
Q

Where was Constantia estate founded?

A

near Cape Town in 1685, is now a ward of the Coastal Region

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4
Q

Upon Stel’s death in 1712, Constantia was-

A

divided into 2 estates

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5
Q

In 1778, Groot Constantia, one of the original estates, was sold to whom?

A

Hendrik Cloete, who renovated the property and brought international acclaim to the wines

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6
Q

Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains is known as what in South Africa?

A

Muscat de Frontignan or Muscadel

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7
Q

Base for white and red versions of Vin de Constance?

A

Muscat de Frontignan/Muscadel and its red-berried variant

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8
Q

What is Vin de Constance?

A

a dried grape wine sold in the early 1800s to dignitaries

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9
Q

What struck the industry in the 19th century?

A

powdery mildew and phylloxera

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10
Q

When did the state purchase Groot Constantia?

A

1885 and the root louse appeared on the property, ravaging the famous vineyards

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11
Q

At the turn of the 20th century, what was the state of south african wines?

A

golden era for Constantia ended, vineyards decimated by phylloxera and colonial war, entered a period of decline

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12
Q

In the face of plummeting prices and over-supply, what formed in 1918 with the support of 90% of South Africa’s growers?

A

the Ko-operatieve Wijnbouwers Vereniging van Zuid-Afrika (KWV)

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13
Q

The KWV, a cooperative of wine producers/growers, est. what?

A

fixed min prices, determined areas of production, est production limits—powers formalized in the 1924 Wine and Spirits Control Act

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14
Q

In 1999, the South African Wine Industry Trust (SAWIT) was established to-

A

speed transformation of South African wine and to empower black workers in an industry that had long relied on slave- and apartheid-era labor practices

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15
Q

In 2002, The South African Wine & Spirit Board began to offer what?

A

quality certification through SAWIS (South African Wine Information & Systems) in accordance with the Wine of Origin scheme, South Africa’s appellation system

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16
Q

What is cultivar?

A

local name for variety

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17
Q

The Wine of Origin (WO) system, introduced in 1973, compels producers seeking certification to what?

A

submit a sample of the wine for evaluation by a tasting panel, which confirms that the wine shows the correct organoleptic qualities for its cultivar and age

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18
Q

Appellation laws?

A

as of 2006 the wine must contain:
85% of stated grape, vintage
100% of stated area of production

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19
Q

Appellation laws for blends?

A

may list several grapes, if vinification occurred separately and each listed grape comprises a min 20% of wine

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20
Q

What are the 4 types of production areas?

A 
In descending order of size: 
geographical unit
region
district
ward
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21
Q

The term Single Vineyard Wine may be used for wines-

A

sourced solely from the vineyard, provided it is appropriately registered and of less than 6 ha

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22
Q

Estate wines must be produced from-

A

contiguous parcels of vineyard land, and vinified and bottled on a single property

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23
Q

A WO seal appears on all bottles of wine that-

A

pass certification

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24
Q

What may NOT appear on any bottle that forgoes certification?

A

vintage, varietal, or area of production

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25
Q

What launched in 1998?

A

the Integrated Production of Wine Scheme (IPW), a voluntary means of certification for WO producers wishing to comply with sustainable environmental standards

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26
Q

For IPW, wineries are judged on what?

A

a number of points, including worker safety measures, handling of wastewater, carbon emissions, use of pesticides and other chemicals, and vineyard biodiversity.

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27
Q

Starting with the 2010 vintage, wines that meet a minimum score in IPW evaluation (60% or better) and qualify for WO certification will be marked with-

A

a joint seal, indicating a “sustainable wine of origin,” rather than the basic WO seal

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28
Q

South Africa’s wine-producing areas are divided into what 5 large geographical areas?

A
  1. Western Cape
  2. Northern Cape
  3. Eastern Cape
  4. Kwazulu-Natal
  5. Limpopo
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29
Q

Northern Cape consists of only what 5 production areas?

A
  1. Douglas district
  2. Sutherland-Karoo district
  3. the independent Hartswater
  4. Central Orange River
  5. Rietrivier FS wards
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30
Q

What is Eastern Cape’s single ward?

A

St. Francis Bay

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31
Q

Kwazulu-Natal and Limpopo contain-

A

no other production areas

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32
Q

Most South African wine production occurs-

A

in the Western Cape, a small area in the southwestern corner of the country, and most WO areas are contained within it

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33
Q

What are South Africa’s 6 regions?

A
  1. Coastal Region
  2. Cape South Coast
  3. Breede River Valley
  4. Klein Karoo
  5. Olifants River
  6. Boberg
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34
Q

What is the Western Cape’s climate?

A

At a latitude of 27°-34° is essentially Mediterranean, with warm, sunny growing seasons

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35
Q

What flows north from Antarctica to cool the coastal areas of the Western Cape?

A

The Benguela Current

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36
Q

What is The Cape Doctor?

A

a notoriously strong southeasterly wind, blows across the Western Cape throughout the spring and summer, inhibiting fungal disease and moderating temperature—but also ferociously battering the vines

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37
Q

What offers the coolest climate in the country?

A

The Cape’s southernmost district, Cape Agulhas

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38
Q

The Northern Cape production areas along the Orange River experience what climate?

A

hot, arid climate, generally only suitable for bulk wines

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39
Q

What is the most planted white grape, occupying around 20% of the nation’s vineyards?

A

Chenin Blanc (Steen)

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40
Q

Other important white grapes?

A

Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Colombard, Cape Riesling (synonym for Crouchen Blanc, unrelated to Riesling), Hanepoot (Muscat of Alexandria), Gewürztraminer

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41
Q

Red grapes have surged in acreage since the mid-1990s—

A

over half of the country’s red vines are under 10 yrs old

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42
Q

What is Pinotage?

A

a Cinsault x Pinot Noir crossing developed by Professor Abraham Perold in 1925

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43
Q

Pinotage characteristics?

A

distinctively smoky, fruity, pungent and full-bodied red wine

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44
Q

Cinsault itself, one of the grapes responsible for much of the past surplus, has lost its status as South Africa’s most planted red varietal to-

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

45
Q

What are among the other important commercial red cultivars?

A

Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Shiraz, Pinot Noir and Tinta Barroca

46
Q

__, a teinturier grape linked to the old red wines of Constantia, enjoys a limited revival amongst dedicated producers

A

Pontac

47
Q

Traditional method sparkling wines known as Cap Classique are increasingly produced from-

A

Chardonnay and Pinot Noir

48
Q

Fortified styles of wine produced in South Africa?

A

Cape Port (Cape Tawny, Cape Ruby, etc) and Sherry—terms that were phased out in 2012

49
Q

South Africa’s Coastal Region is located-

A

around the original colony of Cape Town and along the western coast of the Cape

50
Q

South Africa’s Coastal Region is subdivided into what 9 districts?

A
  1. Stellenbosch
  2. Cape Peninsula
  3. Tygerberg
  4. Paarl
  5. Tulbagh
  6. Darling
  7. Franschhoek Valley
  8. Wellington
  9. Swartland
51
Q

Another district (Cape Point) was repealed in early 2014 with the introduction of what?

A

Cape Peninsula, which contains the wards of Constantia and Hout Bay

52
Q

5 estates now occupy the historic Constantia vineyard, including-

A

the state-owned Groot Constantia, Klein Constantia, and Buitenverwachting (“Beyond Expectations”)

53
Q

Soil/aspect of Constantia vineyard?

A

eastern, decomposed granite slopes of Constantiaberg

54
Q

Despite the fabled glory of Vin de Constance, several of the new proprietors are focusing on-

A

international grapes and dry wines

55
Q

Klein (“little”) Constance revived-

A

the virtually extinct style with new Muscat de Frontignan plantings in the 1980s

56
Q

Climate of Constantia?

A

Cool sea breezes blow northward from False Bay, avg Feb temp hover around 70° F, promoting a lengthy growing season ideal for dessert wines and cool-climate white grapes like SB

57
Q

Across False Bay from the Cape Peninsula is-

A

Stellenbosch district, South Africa’s most prominent winemaking region

58
Q

With viticultural roots dating back to the 17th century, the “__” has become the epicenter of viticultural and oenological research for the country, and it is a source of high quality red wines

A

Town of Oaks

59
Q

The valleys surrounding Stellenbosch, cradled between the Simonsberg, Stellenbosch, and Helderberg peaks, harbor-

A

almost 1/5 of South Africa’s vines and contain some of the world’s most ancient soils

60
Q

Ancient soils of valleys surrounding Stellenbosch?

A

ranging from alluvial loam over shale on the valley floors to decomposed granite and sandstone on the hillsides

61
Q

What are Stellenbosch’s most planted varietals?

A

CS and SB followed by Merlot, Shiraz, and Chenin Blanc

62
Q

Stellenbosch’s climate?

A

maritime-influenced, comparable to—but warmer than—Bordeaux

63
Q

What does well in Stellenbosch?

A

blended reds based on CS

64
Q

Name examples of highly praised blended reds from Stellenbosch

A

Warwick Estate’s “Trilogy” and Meerlust’s “Rubicon”

65
Q

Name highly regarded producers of Stellenbosch

A

Kanonkop, Rust en Vrede, Neil Ellis

66
Q

Kanokop is a champion of what?

A

Pinotage

67
Q

Wards within Stellenbosch include:

A 
Devon Valley
Jonkershoek Valley
Papegaaiberg
Simonsberg-Stellenbosch
Bottelary
Banghoek
Polkadraai Hills
68
Q

North of Stellenbosch, the warmer inland Paarl (“pearl”) district is home to-

A

the KWV, a founding partner in SAWIT

69
Q

With over 40 bottlings in its range, who is Paarl’s largest producer?

A

Nederburg and the first house to produce a botrytised dessert wine in South Africa

70
Q

The renowned ___ , an auction of rare Cape wines, has taken place in Paarl since 1975

A

. In its first year, the New World’s oldest annual wine auction showcased Golden Liquid Nederburg Edelkeur.

71
Q

What grapes dominate production in Paarl?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz, Pinotage, Chenin Blanc

72
Q

Until 2010, Paarl included what among its wards?

A

Franschhoek Valley, the site claimed by French Huguenot settlers in the late 17th century, now achieved status as a separate district

73
Q

In 2012, what ward also achieved status as a separate district from Paarl?

A

Wellington

74
Q

__ is a smaller district located to the north of Paarl

A

Tulbagh

75
Q

Tulbagh’s higher altitude creates what?

A

a significant diurnal temperature shift

76
Q

What is increasing in Tulbagh?

A

Cap Classique production

77
Q

What region exists only for fortified wines produced in Paarl, Franschhoek, Wellington and Tulbagh?

A

The Boberg Region, named for the nearby Berg River

78
Q

The Breede River Valley comprises what 3 districts?

A
  1. Robertson
  2. Worcester
  3. Breedekloof
79
Q

What 4th district of The Breede River Valley shifted to the new Cape South Coast region in late 2010?

A

Swellendam

80
Q

__and__, the largest district in South Africa in terms of production, produce over 25% of the national volume of wine/spirits (generally brandy) and nearly 20% of the nation’s vine acreage is located in these 2 districts

A

Breedekloof, Worcester

81
Q

Approximately 1/2 of South Africa’s Sémillon is located where?

A

in Worcester

82
Q

What else grows in Worcester?

A

sizable plantings of Colombard, Chenin Blanc, and Ruby Cabernet

83
Q

Robertson is a higher quality area with__ emerging as one of the district’s finest varietal wines

A

Shiraz

84
Q

Klein Karoo is an arid inland region with what 2 districts?

A
  1. Langeberg-Garcia

2. Calitzdorp

85
Q

Klein Karoo’s 5 wards are where?

A

NOT contained within it’s 2 districts- Langeberg-Garcia, Calitzdorp

86
Q

What is the dominant focus of Klein Karoo?

A

Fortified and sweet wine production

87
Q

What are the most promising grapes of Klein Karoo?

A

Muscat and Tinta Barroca

88
Q

The Olifants River Region includes what 3 districts?

A
  1. Citrusdal Mountain
  2. Citrusdal Valley
  3. Lutzville Valley
89
Q

Where is The Olifants River Region located?

A

to the north of Swartland

90
Q

What grapes are used in The Olifants River Region?

A

Colombard and Chenin Blanc, chiefly for bulk wines

91
Q

South Africa’s largest co-operative winery is based where?

A

Vredendal, located in The Olifants River Region

92
Q

South Africa’s highest elevation vineyards are located-

A

in Cederberg, an unincorporated ward located to the east of the Olifants River Region

93
Q

What was grouped into the new Cape South Coast Region in 2010?

A

5 districts and 2 stand-alone wards

94
Q

What districts of the new Cape South Coast Region line the southwestern Atlantic Coast of South Africa?

A

3 of it’s districts—Overberg, Walker Bay, and Cape Agulhas

95
Q

What 4th district of the new Cape South Coast Region lies over 250 miles to the east, along the southern coast of Africa?

A

Plettenberg Bay

96
Q

What 5th district of the new Cape South Coast Region borders Overberg to the east, near the Breede River Valley?

A

Swellendam

97
Q

Overberg, one of South Africa’s most promising new districts, is divided into what 4 wards?

A
  1. Klein River
  2. Theewater
  3. Elandskloof
  4. Greyton
98
Q

What 5th ward of Overberg received district status in early 2012?

A

Elgin

99
Q

What does well in Overberg?

A

Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Noir, and even Riesling

100
Q

What was Riesling renamed in Overberg?

A

Weisser Riesling to distinguish the grape from Cape Riesling

101
Q

Climate of Overberg?

A

cooler maritime climate

102
Q

The Walker Bay district, surrounds the coastal town of-

A

Hermanus

103
Q

What does well in Walker Bay?

A

Pinot Noir and Chardonnay

104
Q

What winery in Walker Bay was an early proponent of the Burgundy grapes as well as South Africa’s own Pinotage?

A

Hamilton Russell Winery

105
Q

Walker Bay contains-

A

6 wards

106
Q

What are Walker Bay’s top areas of production?

A

Bot River and Hemel-en-Aarde (“Heaven and Earth”) Valley

107
Q

Where does Cape Agulhas sit?

A

on the southernmost point of the continent, with vineyards concentrated in the ward of Elim

108
Q

Cape Agulhas climate?

A

cool climate

109
Q

What does well in Cape Agulhas?

A

Sauvignon Blanc, Sémillon and Shiraz

MONTH 6 (11 decks)

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