Sources of Health and Demographic Information Flashcards
Define demography
The study of the size, structure, dispersement and development of human populations
What is the population census?
What type of information does it provide?
The simultaneous recording of data by the government at a particular time, pertaining to all persons living in a particular territory.
Data:
- Describes both households and people
- Cultural characteristics- ethnicity/religion
- Demographic data- age, sex
- Material deprivation - homeownership, overcrowding, car access, lone parents, lone pensioners
- Health- general, long term illness, unpaid care
- Workplace and journey to work
- Date goes to office of national statistics
What is the framework for assessing quality of health information?
CARTA:
- Completeness
- Accuracy
- Representativeness/ relevance
- Timeliness
- Accessibility
How can the CARTA assessment framework be used to assess the census?
Strengths Weaknesses
- *C** 98% complete Low enumeration of some groups
- *A** Coverage and quality Self reported surveys
- *R** Data available for different Low enumeration of levels some groups
- *T** 10 years, takes time for release
- *A** www.ons.com/census Individual returns, confidential for 100 years
What is the census used for in the context of health?
Calculate service needs based on population size and structure (age, ethnic minorities e.t.c)
Calculate incidence rates from base population
Identify and target inequalities by measuring material deprivation
How is fertility measured?
- Live births per 1000 of the population (inaccurate: includes men)
- General fertility rate: live births/1000 women of child bearing age (15-44 years)
- Total fertility rate: number of live babies that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of childbearing age and bear children in accordance with current age-specific fertility rates.
What is the total fertility rate affected by?
Delay in childbearing until older ages
Lower completed family size
Population structure (ageing population)
What are birth rates used for?
To determine the requirement for maternity services
How are mortality statistics collected?
By the office of national statistics
Coded using ICD-10
How are deaths registered?
2 ways:
- Medical doctor issues death certificate
- Family registers death with local registrar for births, marriages and deaths
- Coroner reports death, information given straight to registrar for births, marriages and deaths
What 3 pieces of information must be given on death certificate regarding cause of death?
a) Disease or condition leading directly to death
b) Any other disease or condition (if any) leading to:
- Intermediate cause of death
- Underlying cause of death
Define underlying cause of death
How is this information used?
a) The disease or injury which initiated the train of morbid events leading directly to death OR
b) The circumstances of the accident or violence which produced the fatal injury
Used by mortality statistics: prevention of underlying cause will result in the greatest population health gain
For a patient with a primary squamous cell carcinoma of the lungs who died from intercerebral haemorrhage caused by metastases from the primary:
Place this information into the correct headings on a death certificate:
Disease or condition leading directly to death:
- Intracerebral haemorrhage
Other disease or condition (if any) leading to intermediate cause of death:
- Cerebral metastases
Other disease or condition (if any) leading to underlying cause of death:
- Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
What are the strengths and weaknesses of mortality statistics?
Strengths:
- Complete coverage in the UK (for births as well)
- Important information on the health of the population
Weaknesses:
- Accuracy: underlying cause of death subject to diagnostic uncertainty, coding issues and variable quality
- Ethnicity information not collected
- Derivation of socio-economic status (completed by relative- may not be reliable)- posthumous inflation of status by relatives.
What are population estimates?
What are their strengths and weaknesses?
Estimations of population size and structure between censuses. Used for planning services/resource allocation
Applies information from births, deaths and marriages to present:
- Census baseline + births - deaths + migration
Strengths:
- More up to date than census
- More accurate than projections
Weaknesses:
- Less reliable with time from census
- Poor information on migration
- Says nothing about the future