Introduction to inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

List the signs and symptoms of inflammation

A
  • Heat
  • Swelling
  • Pain
  • Erythema
  • Loss of function
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2
Q

What is the definition of inflammation?

What is its purpose?

What part of the immune system is it part of?

A

The body’s immediate defensive response to an insult or injury.

Designed to:

  • Rid the body of the initial cause of injury
  • Break down cells damaged by injury

Part of innate immunity

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3
Q

What are the beneficial effects of inflammation?

A
  • Allows delivery of immune cells and proteins to site of insult/injury
  • Dilution of toxins
  • Eliminate substance and repair of tissue OR stimulate further immune response
  • Entry of drugs (increased blood supply to area)
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4
Q

What are the causes of inflammation?

A
  • Infection
  • Physical trauma
  • Chemicals
  • Dead cells
  • Foreign bodies
  • Allergens
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5
Q

Define acute inflammation

A

The body’s immediate defensive reaction of a tissue to injury, in which vascular and exudative processes predominate.

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6
Q

What are the macroscopic features of acute inflammation?

A

Heat

Swelling

Loss of function

Pain

Erythema

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7
Q

What are the microscopic features of acute inflammation?

A
  • Vascular changes:
    • Vasodilation
    • Increased permeability of blood vessels
      • Leads to erythema, warmth and oedema which leads to pain and loss of function.
  • Exudative changes:
    • Fluid and protein leakage
    • Emigration of leukocytes
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8
Q

Which leukocyte predominates usually in acute infection?

A

Neutrophils

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9
Q

What is the role of leukocytes?

A

Phagocytosis (of any substance identified as non-self)

  • Identifies substance
  • Engulfs it into a phagosome
  • Phagosome joints with a lysosome which contains lytic enzymes that break down the substance
  • Remaining debris releasd from the cell through exocytosis
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10
Q

What are the possible outcomes of acute inflammation?

A
  • Resolution
  • Chronic inflammation:
    • → resolution OR
    • → scarring
  • Injury of nearby healthy tissues
    • Lytic enzymes are not specific to insulting substances
    • Accumulation of pus
    • Autoimmunity (can be triggered from a response to a pathogen)
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11
Q

Define chronic inflammation

A

Prolonged and persistent inflammation which may be a continuation of acute inflammation or the result of an insidious insult, characterised by scar tissue formation

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12
Q

What are the causes of chronic inflammation?

Give examples for each

A

Persisting (unresolved) acute infection:

  • Immunodeficiency/suppression, e.g. AIDS
  • Persistant infection, e.g. TB

Autoimmunity, e.g. crohn’s disease

Persisting trauma, e.g. pressure sores

Persisting foreign bodies, e.g. asbestos

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13
Q

Describe the macroscopic features of chronic inflammation

A

Combination of injury, repair and inflammation that co-exist

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14
Q

Describe the microscopic features of chronic inflammation

A

New leukocytes:

  • Lymphocytes: T-lymphocytes (TH and TC) and B cells
  • Macrophages
  • Eosinophils and basophils
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15
Q

What are the roles of TH and TC lymphocytes?

Where do they originate from?

A

Develop in the thymus

TH: secrete cytokines which direct other immune cells to the affected area.

TC: destroy the infecting organism by stimulating cell death.

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16
Q

What are the roles of B-cells?

Where do they originate from?

A

Originate from bone

Secrete antibodies that bind to micro-organism, identifying it for destruction by other immune cells

17
Q

Define leukocytosis

What can be seen on the blood results of someone with:

Acute infection

Chronic/viral infection

Parasitic infection

Allergic reaction

A

Leukocytosis = high WCC

  • Acute infection = high neutrophil count
  • Chronic/viral infection = high lymphocyte count
  • Parasitic infection = high eosinophil count
  • Allergic reaction = high basophil count
18
Q

What other mediators are involved in inflammation aside from neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils and basophils?

A

Interleukins

Monocytes/macrophages

Acute phase proteins (CRP, ESR)

Complement

19
Q

Describe a granulomatous pattern of inflammation?

When can this be seen?

A

Granuloma = collection of macrophages

Can be seen in:

  • TB
  • Foreign material
  • Fungi
  • Sarcoidosis
20
Q

What is an ulcer? Describe what can be seen in a chronic ulcer

What is an example of an acute ulcer?

A

Ulcers= break in epithelial lined surface

Acute ulcers: e.g. apthous

Chronic ulcers:

  • Acute inflammatory exudate
  • Vascular granulation tissue
  • Fibrovascular granulation tissue
  • Fibrous scar
21
Q

Describe a serous and fibrinous pattern of inflammation

Give examples of each

A

Accummulation of fluid caused by vasodilation and increased vascular permeability allowing fluid to leak into spaces created by injury or body cavities.

Acute: serous, e.g. blister

Chronic: fibrinous, e.g. pericardial effusion

22
Q

What is suppuration?

A

Pus

From persistent organism or foreign body, e.g. abscess, empyema

23
Q

What are the possible outcomes of chronic inflammation?

A
  • Resolution if damaging stimulus removed
  • Change in function of the affected organ/tissue:
    • Atrophy
    • Metaplasia
  • Scarring and dysfunction, e.g. cirrhosis (viral hepatitis)
24
Q

What is Crohn’s disease?

A

Inflammatory bowel disease that can affect anywhere in the GI tract from the mouth to the anus. Characterised by inflammation.

25
What are the macroscopic features of Crohn's disease?
Thickenings and narrowings of bowel- cobblestone appearance Fistulae Abscesses
26
What are the microscopic features of Crohn's disease?
Transmural inflammaiton Patchy, skip lesions Granulomas Chronic inflammatory cells predominate
27
What is ulcerative colitis?
Inflammatory bowel disease affecting the colon only.
28
What are the macroscopic features of ulcerative colitis?
Red, inflamed mucosa that bleeds easily Ulceration Polyps
29
What are the microscopic features of ulcerative colitis?
Abscesses Infiltration of chronic inflammatory cells