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Sensation and Perception > Sound > Flashcards

Sound Flashcards

1
Q

Waveform:

A

How the air pressure changes over
time.

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2
Q

Timbre:

A

Change in the ‘quality’ of sound.

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3
Q

Humans can hear across:

A

A wide range of sound intensities

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4
Q

In order to describe differences in amplitude, sound
levels are measured on

A

a logarithmic scale, in decibels
(dB)

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5
Q

Relatively small decibel changes can correspond to

A

large physical changes

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6
Q

An increase in 6 dB corresponds to a
____ of the amount of pressure

A

doubling

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7
Q

Human hearing uses a
limited range of
frequencies:

A

20 to 16,000Hz

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8
Q

Human hearing uses a
limited range of sound
pressure levels:

A

-5 to 130dB

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9
Q

One of the simplest kinds of sounds:

A

Sine waves, or pure
tone

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10
Q

Sine wave:

A

The waveform for which variation as a
function of time is a sine function

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11
Q

Sine waves are not common in everyday sounds because:

A

not many vibrations in the world are so pure

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12
Q

Most sounds in the world are

A

complex sounds

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13
Q

all sound waves can be described as

A

some combination of sine waves

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14
Q

complex sounds:

A

Best described as a spectrum that displays - how much energy is present in each of the frequencies in the sound

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15
Q

Harmonic spectrum:

A

Typically caused by a simple
vibrating source (e.g., string of a guitar, or reed of a
saxophone)

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16
Q

Fundamental frequency:

A

The lowest-frequency
component of a complex periodic sound

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17
Q

Timbre:

A

The psychological sensation by which a listener can judge that two sounds with the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar

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18
Q

Timbre quality is conveyed by

A

harmonics and other
high frequencies

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19
Q

dogs can hear

A

higher-frequency sounds

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20
Q

elephants can hear

A

lower-frequency sounds

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21
Q

Sounds are first collected from
the environment by the

A

pinnae.

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22
Q

Sound waves are funneled by
the pinnae into the ear canal which is __ cm

A

3 cm

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23
Q

Sound waves are funneled by
the pinnae into the ear canal (3
cm) which helps

A

localize sound

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24
Q

The length and shape of the ear
canal enhances certain sound
frequencies between:

A

2,000
and 5,000 Hz

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25
Q

Tympanic membrane:

A

The
eardrum; a thin sheet of skin at
the end of the outer ear canal.
Vibrates in response to sound.

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26
Q

Tympanic membrane is:

A

border between outer and middle ear

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27
Q

tympanic membrane consists of:

A

three ossicles

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28
Q

tympanic membrane consists of three ossicles (bones), that:

A

amplify and transmit sounds to the inner ear

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29
Q

What is the name of the three ossicles that amplify and transmit sounds to the inner ear:

A

malleus, incus, and stapes

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30
Q

Malleus (hammer) -

A

Moves due to the vibration of the
tympanic membrane.

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31
Q

Incus (anvil):

A

Transmits vibrations of malleus

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32
Q

Stapes (Stirrup) -

A

Transmit vibrations of incus to the
inner ear via the oval
window of the cochlea

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33
Q

Amplification provided by:

A

The ossicles is essential to our ability
to hear faint sounds

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34
Q

Ossicles have:

A

hinged joints that work like levers to amplify sounds

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35
Q

The __ has a smaller surface than the __ , so
sound energy is concentrated

A

The stapes has a smaller surface than the malleus, so
sound energy is concentrated

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36
Q

The inner ear consists of:

A

Fluid-filled chambers (It takes more energy to move liquid than air)

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37
Q

the outer of the ear contains:

A

air

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38
Q

the middle of our ear contains:

A

air

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39
Q

Inner ear contains:

A

Cochlear fluid

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40
Q

The ossicles are also important for:

A

Loud sounds

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41
Q

Tensor tympani and stapedius:

A

Two muscles in the middle ear that decrease ossicle vibrations when tensed.

Muffle loud sounds and protect the inner ear.

42
Q

Acoustic reflex follows onset of loud sounds by:

A

200 ms, so cannot protect against abrupt sounds (e.g., gun
shot)

43
Q

Fine changes in sound pressure are translated :

A

into neural signals
( Function is roughly analogous to that of the retina)

44
Q

Cochlea:

A

Spiral structure of the inner ear containing the organ of
Corti.

45
Q

Cochlea Is filled with:

A

watery fluids in three parallel canals

46
Q

Tympanic canal:

A

Extends from round window at base
of cochlea to helicotrema at
the apex

47
Q

Vestibular canal:

A

Extends from oval window at base of
cochlea to helicotrema at the
apex

48
Q

Middle canal/Cochlear
duct:

A

Sandwiched between
the tympanic and vestibular
canals and contains the
cochlear partition

49
Q

Cochlear canals separated
by 2 membranes:

A

(1)Reissner’s membrane
(2)Basilar membrane

50
Q

Reissner’s membrane:

A

Thin sheath of tissue
separating the vestibular
and middle canals in the
cochlea

51
Q

Basilar membrane

A

Plate
of fibers that forms the
base of the cochlear
partition and separates the
middle and tympanic
canals in the cochlea

52
Q

Organ of Corti:

A

A structure
on the basilar membrane of
the cochlea that is
composed of hair cells and
dendrites of auditory nerve
fibers

53
Q

Movements of the cochlear
partition are translated into
neural signals by structures in :

A

the organ of Corti

54
Q

Hair cells:

A

Cells that support the stereocilia which transduce
mechanical movement in the cochlea and vestibular labyrinth
into neural activity sent to the brain stem. Some hair cells also
receive input from the brain

55
Q

Hair cells are arranged in:

A

four rows that run down length of basilar membrane

56
Q

Inner hair cells:

A

~5%. Convey almost all information about
sound waves to the brain (using afferent type I fibers)

57
Q

inner hair cells convey almost all information about sound waves to the brain using:

A

afferent type 1 fibers

58
Q

Outer hair cells:

A

~95%.

Receive information from the CNS
and are involved in an elaborate feedback system (amplify
and sharpen responses).

59
Q

Tectorial membrane:

A

A gelatinous structure, attached on one end, that extends into the middle canal of the ear, floating
above inner hair cells and touching outer hair cells

60
Q

Vibrations cause displacement of the tectorial membrane,
which

A

bends stereocilia attached to hair cells and causes the
release of neurotransmitters

61
Q

Stereocilia:

A

Hairlike extensions on the tips of hair cells in the
cochlea that initiate the release of neurotransmitters when they
are flexed

62
Q

The tip of each stereocilium is connected to the side of its
neighbor by

A

a tiny filament called a tip link

63
Q

Stereocilia regulate

A

the flow of ions into and out of hair cells

64
Q

How do stereocilia regulate the flow of ions into and out of hair cells:

A

Hair cell with stereocilia: closed ion channel, tip links

As stereocilia bend, tensions increases on tip links

Tip links pull open channels in stereocilia, letting ions enter the hair cells

65
Q

Place code:

A

Tuning of different parts of the cochlea to
different frequencies, in which information about the
particular frequency of an incoming sound wave is coded
by the place along the cochlear partition with the greatest
mechanical displacement

66
Q

What Is Sound:
Physical definition

A

sound is pressure changes in the air (or other medium).

67
Q

What is sound: perceptual definition:

A

sound is the experience we have when we hear

68
Q

Sound waves travel at a

A

particular speed.

69
Q

Speed of sound through air is

A

~ 340
meters/second

70
Q

Speed of sound through water

A

~ 1500
meters/second

71
Q

Physical qualities of sound waves:

A

Amplitude or Intensity: The
magnitude of displacement
(increase or decrease) of a sound
pressure wave

72
Q

Amplitude or Intensity perceived is:

A

loudness

73
Q

Frequency:

A

For sound, the number of times per
second that a pattern of pressure repeats.

74
Q

Hertz (Hz):

A

A unit of measure for frequency. One
Hz equals one cycle per second

75
Q

Decibel (dB):

A

A unit of measure for the physical
intensity of sound

76
Q

Decibels define

A

the difference between
two sounds as the ratio between two
sound pressures

77
Q

dB = 20 log(p/po)

A

where p is the
measured sound pressure (in
micropascales, µPa), and po is the
reference pressure (20µPa - pressure of
1000Hz tone at absolute threshold

78
Q

Each 10:1 sound pressure ratio equals

A

20 dB

79
Q

Physical definition of sound:

A

sound is pressure changes in the air (or other medium)

80
Q

Perceptual definition of sound:

A

Sound is the experience we have when we hear

81
Q

Sound waves travel at ___ speed depending on __

A

sound waves travel at a PARTICULAR speed depending on the MEDIUM

82
Q

speed of sound through air is:

A

340 m/s

83
Q

Speed of sound through water:

A

1500 m/s

84
Q

Physical qualities of sound waves - Amplitude or Intensity:

A

The magnitude of displacement (increase or decrease) of a sound pressure wave

85
Q

amplitude (or intensity) is perceived as:

A

loudness

86
Q

Physical quality - Frequency:

A

For sound, the number of times per second that a pattern of pressure repeats

87
Q

Physical quality - Hertz (Hz)

A

A unit of measure for frequency. One Hz equals one cycle per second

88
Q

Physical quality - Decibel (dB):

A

A unit of measure for the physical intensity of sound

89
Q

Decibels define the difference between:

A

Two sounds as the ratio between two sound pressures

90
Q

Define the variables in: dB = 20 log(p/po)

A

p: the measured sound pressure (in micropascales, uPa)

po: the reference pressure (20 upa - pressure of 1000Hz tone at absolute threshold)

91
Q

each 10:1 sound pressure equals:

A

20 dB

92
Q

A 100:1 ratio equals:

A

40 dB

93
Q

Waveform:

A

How the air pressure changes over time

94
Q

Differences in waveform are perceived as differences in:

A

timbre

95
Q

timbre:

A

change in the “quality” of the sound

96
Q

What is the ratio between the faintest and loudest sounds that humans can here:

A

Between 1: 1,000,000

97
Q

Prolonged exposure above 85 decibels can cause:

A

Noise-induced hearing loss

98
Q

Immediate and permanent hearing loss:

A

130 dB

99
Q

Pain threshold (short term exposure produces hearing loss):

A

120

100
Q
A

Sensation and Perception (20 decks)

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