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Sensation and Perception > Dept and Space Perception Lecture Slides > Flashcards

Dept and Space Perception Lecture Slides Flashcards

1
Q

Euclidian geometry:

A

Parallel lines remain parallel as they are extended in space

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2
Q

Objects maintain the same ___ and ___ as they move around in space

A

Objects maintain the same size and shape as they move around in space

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3
Q

Internal angles of a triangle always add up to:

A

180 degrees

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4
Q

Binocular summation:

A

The combination (or “summation”) of signals from each eye in ways that make performance on many tasks better with both eyes than with either eye alone

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5
Q

Are the two retinal images of a three-dimensional world the same?

A

NO they are NOT the same

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6
Q

Binocular disparity:

A

The differences between the two retinal images of the same scene

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7
Q

___ is the basis for __ , a vivd perception of the three dimensionality of the world that is not available with monocular vision

A

Disparity is the basis for stereopsis, a vivid perception of the three dimensionality of the world that is not available with monocular visio

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8
Q

Dept cue:

A

Information about the third dimension (dept) of visual space

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9
Q

Dept cues based on retinal image (2)

A

(1)Monocular dept cue
(2)Binocular Dept Cue

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10
Q

What are the two types of occulomotor dept cues?

A
  1. Accomodation
  2. Vergence (convergence + divergence)
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11
Q

Convergence (occulomotor depth cue)

A

The ability of the two eyes to turn inward, often used to focus on nearer objects

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12
Q

Divergence (occulomotor depth cue)

A

The ability of the two eyes to turn outward, often used to focus on farther objects

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13
Q

Metrical dept cue:

A

A dept cue that provides quantitatie information about distance in the third dimension

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14
Q

nonmetrical depth cue:

A

A depth cue that provides information about the depth order (relative depth) but not depth magnitude

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15
Q

Position-Based Cues:

A

(1) Partial occlusion
(2) Relative height

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16
Q

Size-Based Cues (4)

A
  1. familiar size
  2. Relative size
  3. Texture gradients
  4. Linear persepective
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17
Q

Lighting Based Cues:

A
  1. Atmospheric persepective
    2.Shading
    3.Cast shadows
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18
Q

Occlusion:

A

A cue to relative (non-metrical) depth order in which, for example, one object obstructs the view of part of another object

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19
Q

relative height:

A

Below the horizon (or eye level), objects in the visual field appear to be farther away. Above the horizon, objects in the visual field appear to be farther away

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20
Q

Relative Size:

A

A comparison of size between items without knowing the absolute size of either one

All things being equal, we assume that smaller objects are farther away from us than larger objects

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21
Q

Texture gradient:

A

A dept cue based on the geometric fact that items of the same size form smaller images when they are farther away

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22
Q

Texture gradients result from a combination of:

A

The cues of relative size and relative height

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23
Q

Familiar size:

A

A cue based on knowledge of the typical size of objects

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24
Q

Relative size and relative height both provide:

A

some metrical information

–> RELATIVE METRICAL DEPTH CUE

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25
Q

relative metrical depth cue:

A

A depth cue that could specify,
for example, that object A is twice as far away as object B
without providing information about the absolute distance to
either A or B

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26
Q

Familiar size can provide __ if ___

A

Familiar size can provide precise metrical information if your visual system knows the actual size of the object and the visual angle it takes up on the retina

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27
Q

Absolute metrical depth cue:

A

A depth cue that provides
quantifiable information about distance in the third dimension

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28
Q

The metrical cues of ___ and __ can give the visual system more information than a nonmetrical cue like __ can

A

The metrical cues of relative size and hieght can give the visual system more information than a nonmetrical cue like occlusion can

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29
Q

Linear persepective is a type of:

A

monocular cue

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30
Q

define linear persepective:

A

Lines that are parallel in the three dimensional world will appear to converge in a two dimensional image as the extend into the distance

31
Q

vanishing point is a type of

A

monocular cue

32
Q

Define vanishing point:

A

The apparent point at which parallel lines receding in dept converge

33
Q

Aerial perspective is a type of:

A

monocular cue

34
Q

Define aerial persepective:

A

A dept cue based on the implicit understanding that light is scattered by the atmosphere

35
Q

What are the two arguments of aerial persepective?

A

(1) More light is scattered when we look through more atmosphere
(2) More distant objects appear fainter, bluer and less distinct

36
Q

Shading is a type of ___

A

monocular cue

37
Q

Pictorial dept cue:

A

A cue to distance or dept used by artists to depict three-dimensional dept in two-dimensional pictures

38
Q

Anamorphosis (or anamorphic projection):

A

Use of the rules of linear
perspective to create a two-dimensional image so distorted that it looks
correct only when viewed from a special angle or with a mirror that
counters the distortion

39
Q

Motion parallax:

A

Images closer to the observer move faster across the
visual field than images farther away
The brain uses this information to calculate the distances of objects in the
environment

40
Q

Optic Flow:

A

relative motions of objects and surfaces on the retina as you move in a scene.

41
Q

Deletion and Accretion:

A

change in occlusion over time.

42
Q

Corresponding retinal points:

A

A geometric concept stating that points
on the retina of each eye where the monocular retinal images of a single
object are formed are at the same distance from the fovea in each eye

43
Q

Horopter:

A

The location of objects whose images lie on the
corresponding points. The surface of zero disparity

44
Q

Vieth–Müller circle:

A

The location of objects whose images fall on
geometrically corresponding points in the two retinas

45
Q

The Vieth–Müller circle and the horopter are

A

technically different,
but for our purposes you may consider them the same

46
Q

Crossed disparity:

A

The sign of disparity created by objects in front of
the plane of the horopter

47
Q

In crossed disparity, images

A

in front of the horopter are displaced to the left in the right eye and to the right in the left eye

48
Q

Uncrossed disparity:

A

The sign of disparity created by objects behind
the plane of the horopter

49
Q

In uncrossed disparity,

A

Images behind the horopter are displaced to the right in the right
eye and to the left in the left eye

50
Q

Zero disparity:

A

objects on the horopter

51
Q

Stereoscope:

A

A device for presenting one image to one eye and
another image to the other eye

52
Q

Free fusion:

A

The technique of converging (crossing) or diverging (uncrossing) the
eyes in order to view a stereogram without a stereoscope

53
Q

“Magic Eye” pictures rely on

A

free fusion

54
Q

Stereoblindness:

A

An inability to make use of binocular disparity as a
depth cue

55
Q

Stereoblindness can result from:

A

A childhood visual disorder, such as strabismus, in
which the two eyes are misaligned

56
Q

Random dot stereogram (RDS):

A

A stereogram made of a large
number of randomly placed dots

57
Q

RDSs contain no

A

monocular cues to depth

58
Q

Stimuli visible stereoscopically in RDSs are

A

cyclopean stimuli

59
Q

Define Cyclopean:

A

Referring to stimuli that are defined by binocular disparity alone

60
Q

How is stereopsis implemented in the human brain?

A

-Input from two eyes must converge onto the same cell

-Many binocular neurons respond best when the retinal images are on
corresponding points in the two retinas: Neural basis for the horopter

-However, many other binocular neurons respond best when similar images occupy
slightly different positions on the retinas of the two eyes (tuned to particular
binocular disparity)

61
Q

Correspondence problem:

A

In binocular vision, the problem of figuring
out which bit of the image in the left eye should be matched with which
bit in the right eye

62
Q

the correspondance problem is particularly vexing in:

A

images like random dot stereograms

63
Q

Like object recognition, depth perception results from

A

the combination
of many different cues

64
Q

The Bayesian approach: A way of formalizing the idea

A

that our
perception is a combination of the current stimulus and our knowledge
about the conditions of the world—what is and is not likely to occur

65
Q

prior knowledge can influence our

A

estimates of the probability
of an event

66
Q

Ideal observer:

A

A theoretical observer with complete access
to the best available information and the ability to combine
different sources of information in the optimal manner

67
Q

It can be useful to compare human performance to that of

A

an ideal observer

68
Q

Binocular rivalry

A

The competition between the two eyes for control of
visual perception, which is evident when completely different stimuli are
presented to the two eyes

69
Q

Abnormal visual experience can disrupt

A

binocular vision:

70
Q

Critical period:

A

In the study of development, a period of time
when the organism is particularly susceptible to developmental
change: ~3-4 months.

71
Q

Suppression:

A

In vision, the inhibition of an unwanted image

72
Q

Strabismus:

A

A misalignment of the two
eyes such that a single object in space is
imaged on the fovea of one eye, and on
the nonfoveal area of the other (turned)
eye: 3%

73
Q

Esotropia:

A

Strabismus in which one
eye deviates inward (ex. left esotropia).

74
Q

Exotropia:

A

Strabismus in which one
eye deviates outward

Sensation and Perception (19 decks)

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