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Sensation and Perception > Colour Vision - Class Slides > Flashcards

Colour Vision - Class Slides Flashcards

1
Q

Isaac Newton (1643 - 1727)

A

The Rays to speak properly are not
coloured. In them there is nothing
else than a certain Power and
Disposition to stir up a sensation of
this or that Colour… So Colours in
the Object are nothing but a
Disposition to reflect this or that sort
of Rays more copiously than the
rest (p. 125)

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2
Q

—Herman Melville, Billy Budd

A

Who in the rainbow can draw the line
where the violet tint ends and the orange
tint begins? Distinctly we see the
difference of the colors, but where
exactly does the one first blendingly
enter into the other? So with sanity and
insanity.

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3
Q

Monochromatic Light

A

‣ Light that consists of
only 1 wavelength

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4
Q

Heterochromatic Light

A

‣ Light that consists of
more than 1
wavelength

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5
Q

White Light

A

‣ Light that contains
wavelengths across the
entire visible spectrum
(heterochromatic light) but
with no dominant
wavelength

‣ Perceived as white

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6
Q

Achromatic Light

A

‣ White and all shades of
grey are achromatic

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7
Q

Reflection Spectrum

A

Proportion of light that a surface reflects at each wavelengths

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8
Q

The dominant wavelength reflected from object determines

A

the perceived colour

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9
Q

Colour dimension is
defined as

A

the intensity of a
red pixel, a green pixel and
a blue pixel

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10
Q

The perceptual experience of
colour is represented as:

A

-Hue
-Saturation
-Brightness

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11
Q

In the CIE colour space, any color can be represented as:

A

an (x,y) coordinate

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12
Q

__ is not represented in the CIE colour space:

A

brightness

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13
Q

An example of a subtractive colour mixture:

A

mixing paint

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14
Q

subtractive colour mixture is termed subtractive because:

A

Certain wavelengths of light reflected from the surface have been subtracted (absorbed) by substances in the mixture

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15
Q

What is an example of additive colour mixture:

A

mixing light

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16
Q

additive colour mixture is termed additive because:

A

the perceived colour of the mixture results from adding together all the wavelengths of light in the mixture

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17
Q

What are complimentary colours:

A

Pairs of colours that when combined together are perceived as a shade of grey

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18
Q

what are the pairs of complimentary colours:

A

(1) blue + yellow
(2) red + cyan
(3) green + magenta

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19
Q

What are primary colours:

A

Any three colours that can be combined in different proportion to produce a large range of colors

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20
Q

George Palmer (1777):

A

Was the first to propose that visible light was composed of three colours (red, yellow and blue) and that each type was detected by a “retinal particle”

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21
Q

Young - Helmholtz Theory

A

-Proposed that any light could be recreated by the combination of three numbers
- These would represent the output of three receptor types (the 3 cones)

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22
Q

metamers:

A

Any two stimuli that are perceived as identical but are physically different

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23
Q

About _ of the male population and __ of the female population are color blind

A

About 8% of the male population and 0.5% of the female population are colour blind

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24
Q

Protanopia and deuteranopia (L and M cone based) result from:

A

Malfunctioning on the X chromosome

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25
Q

Tritanopia (S-Cone Based) results from malfunctioning on the:

A

Y Chromosome

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26
Q

Rod Monochromats is a very rare condition where the retina contains no:

A

functioning cones (no photopigment in cones)

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27
Q

What quality of vision do rod monochromats have?

A

Very poor visual acuity
Very sensitive to light (vision is rod mediated)

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28
Q

protanopia affects:

A

L-cones

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29
Q

Protanopia affects about __ of males and __ of females

A

1% of males and 0.02% of females

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30
Q

The neutral point of protanopia is at :

A

492 nm

31
Q

In protanopia, any light with wavelengths above __ is perceived as ___

A

In protanopia, any light with wavelengths above 492 nm is perceived as YELLOW

32
Q

Deuteranopia affects about:

A

1% of males and 0.01 % of females

33
Q

The neutral point of deuteranopia is at

A

498 nm

34
Q

In deuteranopia, any light with wavelengths above ___ is perceived as ___ :

A

In deuteranopia, any light with wavelengths above 498 nm is perceived as yellow

35
Q

Tritanopia affects about :

A

0.002% of males and females

36
Q

Tritanopia affects:

A

S cones

37
Q

Tritanopia has a neutral point at

A

570 nm

38
Q

In tritanopia, any light with wavelengths above 570 nm is perceived as:

A

red

39
Q

L-cone peak sensitivity:

A

574 nm

40
Q

m- cone peak sensitivity

A

543 nm

41
Q

s-cone peak sensitivity:

A

443nm

42
Q

most other mammals are:

A

dichromats

43
Q

certain birds, fish and insects are:

A

tetrachromats (4 cone types)

44
Q

hexadecachromat:

A

16 different cone types

45
Q

once absorbed, the identity of the wavelength is _

A

lost

46
Q

no single cone can differentiate between:

A

A change in wavelength and a change in intensity (luminance)

47
Q

If a retina was covered with a single cone:

A
  • True color blind
    -Cone responses would only indicate the presence of light
    -No color information would be extracted
48
Q

once a photon is absorbed, its response is __ regardless of ___

A

Once a photon is absorbed,its response is identical regardless of the wavelength of the photon

49
Q

__ cone(s) are required to detect spectral changes

A

2

50
Q

spectral changes are:

A

differences in wavelength and not intensity

51
Q

If no single cone can correctly signal for colour:

A

a comparative process must be taking place

52
Q

Herring noticed that:

A

some colour combinations do not exist

53
Q

Herring noticed that some colour combinations do not exist:

A

for example a reddish green or blueish yellow

54
Q

Both Herring and Mach proposed:

A

Colour perception stems from the output of three mechanisms (not cones), each of them resulting frmo an opponency between:

Red/green

Blue/Yellow

Black/White

55
Q

In the hue cancellation experiment, the observer is shown:

A

a monochromatic light and asked to neutralize it using its complementary color

56
Q

unique blue:

A

477 nm

57
Q

unique green

A

510 nm

58
Q

unique yellow

A

580 nm

59
Q

circular concentric receptive fields of the LM pathway:

A

color opponent ON and OFF regions

60
Q

Receptive fields of the S-ML pathway:

A

‣ Spatially Uniform

‣ Excited by blue,
inhibited by yellow
(vice versa)

61
Q

Single-Opponent
Cells

A

Cone-Opponent but
not spatial-
opponent

62
Q

colour oponent receptive fields are concentrated in:

A

the parvocellular and koniocellular layers of the LGN

63
Q

L-M (red-green) opponent neurons are mostly found in the:

A

parvocellular layers

64
Q

Parvocellular layers are what layers of the LGN?

A

3-6

65
Q

S-LM (blue-yellow) opponent neurons are mostly found in the :

A

konioncellular layers

66
Q

Magnocellular layers contain:

A

achromatic receptive fields (luminance based)

67
Q

How does the parvocellular layer project?

A

-Projects to layer 4CB of the striate cortex
-Sends axons to layer 3, within the “blobs”

68
Q

What do we mean by “blobs”?

A

cytochrome oxidase blobs of the striate cortex

69
Q

How does the koniocellular layer project

A

projects directly to layer 3 of the striate cortex within the blobs

70
Q

How does the magnocellular layer project?

A

-Projects to layer 4Ca of the striate cortex
-Sends axons to layer 4B

71
Q

double opponent cells are found at:

A

the level of the striate cortex

72
Q

double opponent cells are ideally suited to :

A

detect color differences in the envrionment even when a surface has the same illumination (contrast/intensity)

73
Q

simple double oponent cells make up about:

A

10% of simple cells in cortex

74
Q

simple double-opponent cells:

A

orientation selectivity based on spectral contrast (difference in colour) and not contrast energy (luminance)

Sensation and Perception (19 decks)

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