Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sensation and Perception > Measuring Perception Slides > Flashcards

Measuring Perception Slides Flashcards

Chapter 1

1
Q

Psychologists typically study:

A

Sensation and perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sensation and perception, aside from being studied by psychologists, is studied by:

A

Biologists, computer scientists, linguists, neuroscientists and many other fields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The study of sensation and perception is a scientific pursuit and requires:

A

Scientific methods (6 ways)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some of the scientific methods used in the study of sensation and perception (6):

A

(1) Thresholds: Finding the limits of what can be perceived
(2) Scaling: Measuring experience
(3) Sensory neuroscience: The biology of sensation and perception
(4) Patient Studies: Individuals with brain damage
(5) Neuroimaging: An image of the mind (e.g. PET, fMRI)
(6) Brain stimulation: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gustave Fechner invented __

A

Psychophysics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gustave Fechner invented psychophysics and is often considered to be the true founder of:

A

Experimental psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define psychophysics:

A

The science of defining quantitative relationships between physical and psychological (subjective) events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some new concepts psychophysics adopted for understanding sensation and perception (2):

A

(1) Absolute threshold
(2) Method of adjustment
(3) Method of constant stimuli
(4) Staircase method
(5) Difference threshold
(6) Weber’s law
(7) Fechner’s law
(8) Steven’s law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define absolute threshold:

A

MINIMUM amount of STIMULATION necessary for a person to DETECT a STIMULUS 50% of the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Method of Adjustment:

A

“QUICK and DIRTY”.
Adjust using a dial / buttons until stimulus is perceived.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Method of Constant Stimuli:

A

Select number of stimuli that cover a range likely to include absolute threshold.

Two forms:

a) simple yes/know response on one block of trials.
b) Psychometric function from many blocks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Staircase Method:

A

Intensity of stimulus UP or DOWN from
from PREVIOUS trial.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Difference threshold:

A

SAME or DIFFERENT? (also called just
noticeable difference, or JND).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Difference threshold can be measured using
(2):

A

Method of Adjustment

AND

Method of Constant stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ernst Weber (1795–1878) discovered:

A

That the smallest change in a stimulus
(e.g., the weight of an object) that can
be detected is a CONSTANT PROPORTION of the stimulus level

E.g., for 100g, JND is 2g (or 2%).
For 1000g, JND is 20g (or 2%).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Weber’s law JND = kl

A

The principle describing the relationship between
stimulus and resulting sensation
intensity (l) that says the JND is a
constant fraction (k) of the comparison
stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define Psychophysical Scaling:

A

Measuring how changes in stimulus intensity relate to changes in perceived intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe Fechner’s law, S = k ln I/Io

A

Fechner’s law is a variant of Weber’s law

A principle describing the
relationship between the perceived intensity (S) of a stimulus as it changes in comparison to the natural log ratio between the physical intensity (I) and the intensity at absolute threshold (Io).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Weber’s law is good for __ but not for other sensations, like __

A

Weber’s law is good for BRIGHTNESS and LOUDNESS, but NOT for other sensations, like ELECTRIC SHOCK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Stevens law, S = cln:

A

Relationship between:

The perceived intensity of a stimulus (S)
Its physical intensity (I)

The exponent N is different for each perceptual dimension,
C is the constant that depends on which units are being used for S and I.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Signal detection theory:

A

A psychophysical theory that quantifies the response of an observer to the presentation of a signal in the presence of noisy perceptual evidence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

There are __ possible stimulus/response situations in signal detection theory

A

four

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Receiver operating characteristic
(ROC):

A

In studies of signal
detection, the graphical plot of the
hit rate as a function of the false
alarm rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In Receiver operating characteristic
(ROC), chance performance will fall:

A

Along the diagonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In Receiver operating characteristic
(ROC), good performance (high
sensitivity):

A

“bows out” towards
the upper left corner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Plotting the ROC curve allows one
to:

A

Predict the proportion of hits for a
given proportion of false alarms,
and vice-versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Signal detection theory makes a distinction between:

A

An observers’ ability to perceive a signal, and their willingness to report it. These are three separate
concepts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the three separate concepts in regards to signal detection theory?

A

(1) Sensitivity
(2) Criterion
(3) Bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define sensitivity (concept in regards to signal detection theory):

A

A value that defines the ease with which an observer can tell the difference between the presence
and absence of a stimulus or the difference between
stimulus 1 and stimulus 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Define criterion (Concept in regards to signal detection theory)

A

An internal threshold that is set by the
observer.
If the internal response is above criterion, the
observer gives one response (e.g., “yes, I hear that”).

Below criterion, the observer gives another response
(e.g., “no, I hear nothing”).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Define bias:

A

Observer tendency to be liberal or conservative in
response, indicated by value of criterion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Define Thresholds:

A

Finding the limits of what can be perceived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Define Sensory Neuroscience:

A

The biology of sensation and perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Define Scaling:

A

Measuring experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Neuroimaging:

A

An image of the mind (e.g. PET, fMRI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Patient Studies

A

Individuals with brain damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Brain stimulation:

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the four possible stimulus/ response situations in signal detection theory:

A

(1) yes; signal presented –> HIT
(2) yes; signal not presented –> FALSE ALARM
(3) no; signal presented –> MISS
(4) no; signal not presented –> CORRECT REJECTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Thresholds:

A

Finding the limits of what can be perceived.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Scaling:

A

Measuring Perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Sensory neuroscience:

A

The biology of sensation and perception

42
Q

Neuroimaging:

A

An image of the mind (e.g. PET,fMRI)

43
Q

Patient Studies:

A

Individuals with Brain Damage

44
Q

Brain Stimulation:

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), Transcranial current stimulation (tDCS)

45
Q

Physical stimuli transduced for vision (sight)?

A

Light

46
Q

Receptors for vision?

A

Photoreceptors in the eye

47
Q

Physical dimensions sensed by vision (4)?

A

Intensity,
Wavelength,
Spatial Distribution
Temporal Distribution

48
Q

Perceptual dimensions sensed by vision (4)?

A

Brightness
Color
Shape
Texture
Location in 3-D space
Motion

49
Q

Physical stimuli transduced for audition?

A

sound

50
Q

Receptors for audition?

A

Hair cells in inner ear (in cochlea)

51
Q

Physical dimensions sensed in audition?

A

Amplitude
Frequency
Waveform
Interaural Differences

52
Q

Perceptual dimensions of tactile perception?

A

Spatial pattern, texture, shape

Hand confomation

Slip, grip control

Fine texture, transmitted vibration

53
Q

Physical stimuli transduced by proprioception?

A

Mechanical forces

54
Q

Propricoeption is:

A

Body perception

55
Q

What are the receptors for proprioception?

A

Nerve fibers in muscles, tendons and joints

56
Q

What is the physical dimension of proprioception?

A

Muscle tension

57
Q

What is the perceptual dimension of proprioception?

A

Limb position and movement

58
Q

What is the physical stimuli transduced for nociception?

A

Mechanical forces, molecules, extreme temperatures

59
Q

What is nociception?

A

Pain perception

60
Q

What are the receptors for nociception?

A

Nocireceptors in skin

61
Q

What is the physical dimension of nociception?

A

tissue damage

62
Q

What is the perceptual dimension of nociception?

A

Pain quality and location on or in body

63
Q

What is the physical sitmuli transduced by thermoreception?

A

Heat

64
Q

What is thermoreception?

A

temperature perception

65
Q

What are the receptors for thermoreception?

A

Thermoreceptors in skin

66
Q

What is the physical dimension of thermoreception?

A

Skin temperature

67
Q

What is the perceptual dimension of thermoreception?

A

Heat, cold

68
Q

What is the physical stimulus transduced by balance?

A

Gravitational force

69
Q

What are the receptors for balance?

A

hair cells in inner ear (in semicircular canals)

70
Q

What is the physical dimension of balance ?

A

Head orientation (tilt)

71
Q

What is the perceptual dimension for balance?

A

Balance

72
Q

What is the physical stimuli transduced by body movement?

A

Acceleration

73
Q

What are the receptors for body movement?

A

Hair cells in inner ear (in semicircular cannals)

74
Q

What are the physical dimensions for body movement

A

Head acceleration (including rotation)

75
Q

what are the perceptual dimensions of body movement?

A

body movement

76
Q

What are the physical stimuli transduced by olfaction?

A

molecules

77
Q

What are the reecptors for olfaction?

A

Olfactory receptors in nose

78
Q

What are the physical dimensions of olfaction?

A

Molecular structure and concentration

79
Q

What are the perceptual dimensions of olfaction?

A

odor

80
Q

What are the physical stimuli transduced by gustation (taste)?

A

Molecules

81
Q

What are the receptors in gustation (taste)

A

Taste receptor cells in mouth

82
Q

What are the physical dimensions of gustation?

A

Molecular structure and concentration

83
Q

What are the perceptual dimensions of gustation (taste)?

A

taste

84
Q

What are the two forms of the method of constant stimuli?

A

a) simple yes/know response on one block of trials.
b) Psychometric function from many blocks.

85
Q

What are the three methods developped by Fechner that are still in use today:

A

-The method of adjustment
-The method of constant stimuli
-The staircase method

86
Q

what is more reliable between the method of adjustment and the method of constant stimuli?

A

Method of constant stimuli

87
Q

The psycometric function is typically:

A

S-shaped rather than exhibiting an abrupt transition

88
Q

What method is not very efficient (time-consuming)

A

Method of constant stimuli

89
Q

What is a method that can be used to eliminate repeated presentations of stimuli well below or above the threshold and focus instead on presenting stimuli near the threshold?

A

Staircase method

90
Q

In staircase method, data plotted on;

A

An audiogram

91
Q

Absolute thresholds provide important information about how a given perceptual system works in terms of:

A

The absolute sensitivity of the system

92
Q

The JND is defined as:

A

The intensity at which 75% of the responses were “yes” minus the intensity at which 25% of the responses were yes, divided by 2

93
Q

If the curve is steeper, the JND is:

A

smaller

94
Q

If the curve is less steep,

A

The JND is larger

95
Q

Stevens devised a method called:

A

Magnitude estimation

96
Q

Magnitude estimation is

A

A behavioural method used in psycophysical exeperiments to estimate perceived intensity directly: The experimenter assigns an arbitrary number to represent the intensity of a standard stimulus, and then the participant assigns numbers to other stimuli to indicate their perceived intensity relative to the standard

96
Q

For Steven’s power law, when the exponent is less than 1 (as for brightness) the equation generates:

A

A decelerating curve

97
Q

For Steven’s power law, when the exponent is greater than 1 (as for electric shock),

A

The curve is accelerating

98
Q

For Steven’s power law, when the exponent equals 1 (like for line length);

A

The curve is a straight lone

99
Q

In regards to Stevens power law, a decelerating curve means that:

A

As the magnitude of the physical stimulus increases, its perceived magnitude increases more and more gradually

100
Q

In regards to Stevens power law, an accelerating curve means that:

A

Small increases in high-intensity stimuli cause a greater change in perceived intensity than do small increases in low intensity stimuli

101
Q

In regards to steven’s power law,

A

The relationship between perceived magnitude and and physical magnitude is very nearly constant

Sensation and Perception (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions