some facts to learn physical Flashcards
1
Q
what proportion of worlds water is stored in:
- Oceans
- freshwater
- saline
A
Oceans- 96.5%
Fresh- 2.5%
Saline- 0.9%`
2
Q
Of the 2.5% freshwater, how much is stored in the cryosphere and groundwater
A
- 7% Glaciers
30. 1% ground water this includes atmosphere, rivers swamps, soil moisture and living things
3
Q
how much of the groundwater water is stored in rivers?
A
0.49% less than in swamps which is 2.6%
4
Q
ice core dating has found that some water in Antarctica is how old?
A
800,000
5
Q
how much rainfall is in the sea
A
rainfall 74% of rainfall is in sea
6
Q
what is the annual precipitation in polar regions
A
200mm or less
7
Q
how much rainfall returns to amazons local water cycle
A
constant high temps and 50-75% of rainfall returns by evaportransiration
8
Q
where is the rain that falls in the amazon distributed to
A
75% of precipitation consumed by trees
>less than 25% of rainfall reaches the rivers or other surface water
9
Q
whats the annual precipitation in the rainforest
A
2000mm
10
Q
what % of global rainforest area is amazon
A
60%
11
Q
how much of amazon is cut down in last 50 years
A
20%
12
Q
what proportion of known world species in rainforest
A
half
13
Q
when were there large forest fires in the amazon
A
2019
14
Q
when did demand for soy beans increase
A
90s
15
Q
what % rainforest protected before 2012
A
28% including strict reserves/ sustainable use and letting indigenous people conserve forest
16
Q
what % rainforest protected after 2012
A
47%
17
Q
when was deforestation at a low
A
2012 due to the protection of forest
18
Q
what % increase in deforestation of rainforest would be catastrophic for the environement
A
20-25%
19
Q
how many people live in murray darling basin
A
2.2million
20
Q
how many HEP sites are along the Yukon river
A
6
21
Q
how long is the yukon river
A
3,540 km
22
Q
how large is the amazon basin
A
1 million km2
23
Q
chalk aquifers supply what % of londons drinking water
A
40%
24
Q
how many people live in london
A
13 million
25
what can cause variations in the climate of the Murray darling basin
the El Nino effect
26
when was carbon taxation on high emission cars scrapped
this policy was put on hold in 2015 and lower road taxes for low-carbon emitting cars was scrapped
27
how many trees will the big tree plant in uk plant
the big tree plant campaign is to plant 1 million trees particularly in urban areas
28
how many trees worth of sequestering does 1 CCS plant do
40 billion trees
29
when is UK hoping to be carbon neutral
UK be able to reach goal of being carbon neutral within the next 10-20 years
30
when was carbon taxation "Carbon price floor" enforced in UK
2013
| tax on fossil fuels used to generate electricity
31
(Renewable switching) how much has swedens dependence of fossil fuels fallen by?
75% of energy mix in 1970
| now 20%
32
how much of swedens renewable energy is HEP or nuclear
83%
33
how much of sweden renewable is wind
7%
34
how much does Canandas boundary dam ai to cut emissions by
90% by trapping it in the ground rather than atmosphere
35
how many times more have arctic temperatures risen by compared to the global average
>arctic temperature have risen twice as much last 20 years
36
where is Yukon
territroy in northwest canada with a significant part in the arctic circle
37
how much has ice area in Yukon decreased by
shrunk by 22% since 1958
38
how much have inflows to yukon river increased by
>inflows to Yukon river increased by 39% due to these processes
39
when was the hottest year on record so far
2015
| 1 degrees above the pre-industrial era
40
how much less rain will the sahal and Mediterranean receive
20-30% less rain
41
when was there a big drought in the amazon
2005, 2010mand 2014-15
42
how much of terrestrial vegetation crbon store is in the amazon
17%
43
what were the impacts of drought in the amazon
billions of trees died
rivers dried up, fish died
less carbon stored in forest as drier
44
how much co2 does rainforest usually absorb per year
1.5 billion tonnes of CO2 a year
45
how much CO2 was released in amazon in 2005
5 billion tonnes
46
how much CO2 was released in amazon in 2010
8 billion tonnes
47
how much of coral reefs may be bleached
80% eg great barrier
48
how many bird species are effected by fewer bird habitats in north america
314
49
what % of land species with limited adaptability to chnaging climate will go extinct
what are the rates of extinction of all species
10%
15-40% all species particular those in arctic
50
how much further north do species of butterflies move north each decade?
6.1km
51
wood to use as fuel which is the source of how many people globally
1/3
52
how much of world oxygen do coral reefs produce
half
53
how much of ocean floor do coral reefs cover
0.0025%
54
what % of marine species live in coral reefs
home to 25% marine species
55
how long ago was the continental drift
3 million
56
how long do milankavich cycles last
milankavich cycles last over 100,000 years
57
how many degrees does axil tilt change by
from 21.5 degrees and 24.5 degrees
58
how long do axil tilt cycles last
41,000 cycles
59
how long do axil wobble cycles last
results in 21,000 year cycles and changes the severity of the seasons
60
how much longer are summers when orbit is more circular in a perihelion
Summers will eb around 4 days longer in these conditions which also means winters are shorter so there is less ice.
an aphelion is furthest point away and has opposite effect
61
how many sherpas live in sagamatha national park
6000
62
how much have glaciers shrunk in sagamatha NP
shrunk by 13%
impacting HEP, farming and creating lakes that could cause flooding if breaches glacial debris dam
63
what magnitude was the earthquake that hit nepal an how many people did the consequent avalanch kill
-7.8 magnitude struck 220km from everast
killed 22
64
how many people do avalanches kill a year worldwide
200
65
how many visitors does Zermatt in Swiz attract a year
how many at peak season
2 million
35,000 a peak times
66
how much of the worlds fresh water do glaciers store
69%
67
how many glaciers on chinese side of tibetan plateau
37,000
68
how many depend on glacial water supplies
2 billion
69
how many reservoirs does china plan to build
59
70
when was antarctic treaty set up
Antarctica is protected by international treaty
| since 1959
71
how big is the alaska wildlife refuge in km2
78,000km2
72
when did sagamatha become a national park
| what about UNESCO world heritage site
BECAME A NP IN 1976 AS A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE IN 1979
73
how big is sagamatha np
1150km2
74
what % of land are zermatt reforesting
revegetating areas to cover 85% of areas
75
how much of nepals forest now remains
30%
76
how many residents in the Alps
14million residents
77
how many tourists in the alps
120 million tourists
78
how many countries have signed the antarctic treaty
60 which is representative of 89% of worlds people
79
What is the population of Caribou in Greenland in 1993, compared to in 2001?
```
1993 = 7000
2001 = 140,000
```
reindeer
80
What is the population of Greenland?
56,000
81
When was the Kyoto Protocol introduced?
2005
82
When was the Paris Agreement signed?
2015
83
How many countries signed the Paris Agreement?
142
84
How much did the Paris Agreement give the US for Climate Risk Insurance?
$420 million
85
How deep is Continuiouss Permafrost?
400m
86
How deep is sporadic Permafrost?
10m
87
What % of the Caingorms National Park is "wild land"?
47%
88
What % of the Caingorms National Park is protected by European Laws?
49%
89
How many people live and work in the Cairngorms?
18,000
90
periglacial landscape example
yamal peninsula
| yukon
91
How deep is the permafrost on the Yamel Peninsula?
300m
92
On the Yamel Peninsula how long is the Railway which has been built?
572m
93
What is the population of the Nenets on the Yamel Peninsula?
410,000
| ethnic group native to northern arctic Russia, Russian Far North.
94
How far can the Nenets migrations be?
1000km each way
95
what % of earthquakes occur on pacific ring of fire
70%
96
how many volcanos are there in the world and how many erupt each year
500
50 yearly
indonesia has the most
97
what % of earthquakes are along plate boundaries
95%
98
give example of transform fault and how big was the last earthquake here
san andreas
| 1906- 8.3
99
when was the loma prieta earthquake
1989
100
how hot are lava flows
1170 degrees
101
how big and fast are Lahars
vary in size and speed can we 100m's wide and travel 10m/s so too fast to outrun
102
over last 300 years how many have died due to volcanic hazards
260,000
103
how many evacuated in iceland eruption
700
104
how much did airlines lose in iceland eruption
$1.7 billion
105
how high did the plume of very fine volcanic ash of icelands volcano go
33,000 ft
| which spread over west europe
106
how many passengers unable to board flights in icelandic eruption
10 million
107
how much did europe economy lose in iceland eruption
$5 billion
108
when was the eyjafjallajokull eruption
2010
109
how many people died in indian ocean tsunami
300,000
110
how many commercial flights cancelled in icelandic eruption
100,000
111
how many villages destroyed in sumatra 2004
1500
112
how many left homeless in sumatra in 2004
700,000
113
how many structures in somalia were damaged by 2004 tsunami
2000
114
how much did tourist industry lose in 2004 in thailand and how many lost their jobs
$25 million a month
| 120,000 lost jobs
115
what was the overall cost of the 2004 indian ocean tsunami
$10 billion
116
what caused tsunami in 2004
estimated 9.0 magnitude earthquake heaved ocean floor up 15m sending out shock waves
117
how far did vegetation and top soil move inland in 2004 tsunami
vegetation and top soil moved 800m inland
118
what was the number of people dead and missing of the 2010 haiti earthquake
316,000
119
what % of villagers killed in coastal villages in tsunami 2004
70%
120
what % of people over 60 live in less developed regions
66%
121
what factors does PAR model include
pressure and release model
1= root causes eg limited access to resources or ideolgies
2= dynamic pressures such as lack of training and skills or macro forces such as deforestation or population growth
3= unsafe conditions such as fragile economy, environment, particular groups at risk
122
what is the GDP per capita in Haiti
$1300
123
what was the magnitude of the 2011 japan earthquake and tsunami
9.0
124
why was it hard to access coastal communities in 2004 IOTsunami
jetties had been washed away and much of the infrastructure lost
125
what % of sri lankas industrial infrastructure and fishing fleet destroyed
60%
126
what was the economic cost of the 2010 haiti earthquake
$14 billion
127
what is the GDP per capita in japan
$39, 473
128
what was the magnitude of the 2008 china earthquake
7.9
129
what was the number of people dead and missing of the 2008 china earthquake
87,000
130
what is japans hazard risk score
133/190 nations
131
what was the number of newly homeless people in the 2008 china earthquake
5 million
132
what % of earthquakes in world effect japan
30%
133
what is the GDP per capita in china
$6000
134
what was the economic cost of japans 2011 E + T
$240 billion
135
how many more passengers did eurostar see after icelandic eruption
50,000
136
what was the number of newly homeless people in the 2010 haiti earthquake
1.3 million
137
how many made homeless in japan earthquake and tsunami
130,000
138
number of dead and missing in 2011 japan earthquake and tsunami
19,000
139
what was the economic cost of china earthquake
$125.6 billion
140
how many relief workers died during china earthquake
200
141
how many tonnes of debris left over from earthquake and tsunami in japan
25 million tonnes
142
how many buildings destroyed in japan earthquake
300,000
143
magnitude of haiti earthquake
7.0
144
how much did chinese gov pledge to rebuild
$10 billion
| within 2 weeks already rebuidling
145
how many people lost homes in haiti earthquake
| in 2015 how many still homeless
1.3 million as it hit HISPANIOLA
| 2015 80,000 still displaced
146
what % in haiti live in poverty
75%
147
what % of chinas gdp do the 2 regions worst hit acount for
45%
148
how many troupes released in 2011 japan earthquake
110,000
149
how much in aid was donated to Haiti
$13 billion
150
how many struggled with after effects of 2010 earthquakes cholera outbreak
7000 died
| 720,000 effected
151
what is the overall trend with economic cost in natural disasters
increasing cost
in 1990 $20 billion
this increased by $100 billion a year between 2000 and 2010
152
how hot are pyroclastic flows and how fast do they travel
-700 degrees
| much faster than lava flows as they are 100km/h
153
how much higher is death toll from disasters in low income countries
3x
154
how did japans energy mix change after the earthquake
before 27% was from nuclear
| after- 44 reactors shut down and only 1% of energy was from a nuclear source
155
what % live in poverty in philippines
25%
156
what were the effects of the 2006 earthquake in the Philippines
deaths
injured
damaged or destroyed buildings
15 deaths
injured 100
destroyed 800
157
in California, when was the last time more than 100 died in disaster
1933 Long beach earthquake
158
how much did the icelandic eruption cost countries such as Kenya and Zambia who provide fruit to Europe
$65million
159
how many natural disasters was the Philippines hit by in 2013
3 in 3 months of each other
160
how many did typhoon haiyan in November 2013 kill
6201
161
how many died in nepal earthquake in 2015
8600
162
how much did 2015 nepal earthqauke cost
$5 billion 25% of their gdp
163
how many left homeless in 2015 nepal earthquake
3million
164
example of when diverting lava flows was successful
successful in 1983 Mount etna
165
how many left homeless in the 2005 Pakistan earthquake
3.5 million left homeless
166
how did ngos help in the 2005 Pakistan earthquake
-provided over 500,000 tents and blankets and safe water for 700,000 and helped w/ emergency medical care eg Red Cross
167
how did hurricane sandy effect recovery efforts in haiti
2013
| slowed recovery
