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A lvl Geography Final Exam > some facts to learn physical > Flashcards

some facts to learn physical Flashcards

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1
Q

what proportion of worlds water is stored in:

  • Oceans
  • freshwater
  • saline
A

Oceans- 96.5%
Fresh- 2.5%
Saline- 0.9%`

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2
Q

Of the 2.5% freshwater, how much is stored in the cryosphere and groundwater

A
  1. 7% Glaciers

30. 1% ground water this includes atmosphere, rivers swamps, soil moisture and living things

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3
Q

how much of the groundwater water is stored in rivers?

A

0.49% less than in swamps which is 2.6%

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4
Q

ice core dating has found that some water in Antarctica is how old?

A

800,000

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5
Q

how much rainfall is in the sea

A

rainfall 74% of rainfall is in sea

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6
Q

what is the annual precipitation in polar regions

A

200mm or less

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7
Q

how much rainfall returns to amazons local water cycle

A

constant high temps and 50-75% of rainfall returns by evaportransiration

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8
Q

where is the rain that falls in the amazon distributed to

A

75% of precipitation consumed by trees

>less than 25% of rainfall reaches the rivers or other surface water

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9
Q

whats the annual precipitation in the rainforest

A

2000mm

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10
Q

what % of global rainforest area is amazon

A

60%

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11
Q

how much of amazon is cut down in last 50 years

A

20%

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12
Q

what proportion of known world species in rainforest

A

half

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13
Q

when were there large forest fires in the amazon

A

2019

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14
Q

when did demand for soy beans increase

A

90s

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15
Q

what % rainforest protected before 2012

A

28% including strict reserves/ sustainable use and letting indigenous people conserve forest

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16
Q

what % rainforest protected after 2012

A

47%

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17
Q

when was deforestation at a low

A

2012 due to the protection of forest

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18
Q

what % increase in deforestation of rainforest would be catastrophic for the environement

A

20-25%

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19
Q

how many people live in murray darling basin

A

2.2million

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20
Q

how many HEP sites are along the Yukon river

A

6

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21
Q

how long is the yukon river

A

3,540 km

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22
Q

how large is the amazon basin

A

1 million km2

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23
Q

chalk aquifers supply what % of londons drinking water

A

40%

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24
Q

how many people live in london

A

13 million

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25
Q

what can cause variations in the climate of the Murray darling basin

A

the El Nino effect

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26
Q

when was carbon taxation on high emission cars scrapped

A

this policy was put on hold in 2015 and lower road taxes for low-carbon emitting cars was scrapped

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27
Q

how many trees will the big tree plant in uk plant

A

the big tree plant campaign is to plant 1 million trees particularly in urban areas

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28
Q

how many trees worth of sequestering does 1 CCS plant do

A

40 billion trees

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29
Q

when is UK hoping to be carbon neutral

A

UK be able to reach goal of being carbon neutral within the next 10-20 years

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30
Q

when was carbon taxation “Carbon price floor” enforced in UK

A

2013

tax on fossil fuels used to generate electricity

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31
Q

(Renewable switching) how much has swedens dependence of fossil fuels fallen by?

A

75% of energy mix in 1970

now 20%

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32
Q

how much of swedens renewable energy is HEP or nuclear

A

83%

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33
Q

how much of sweden renewable is wind

A

7%

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34
Q

how much does Canandas boundary dam ai to cut emissions by

A

90% by trapping it in the ground rather than atmosphere

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35
Q

how many times more have arctic temperatures risen by compared to the global average

A

> arctic temperature have risen twice as much last 20 years

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36
Q

where is Yukon

A

territroy in northwest canada with a significant part in the arctic circle

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37
Q

how much has ice area in Yukon decreased by

A

shrunk by 22% since 1958

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38
Q

how much have inflows to yukon river increased by

A

> inflows to Yukon river increased by 39% due to these processes

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39
Q

when was the hottest year on record so far

A

2015

1 degrees above the pre-industrial era

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40
Q

how much less rain will the sahal and Mediterranean receive

A

20-30% less rain

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41
Q

when was there a big drought in the amazon

A

2005, 2010mand 2014-15

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42
Q

how much of terrestrial vegetation crbon store is in the amazon

A

17%

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43
Q

what were the impacts of drought in the amazon

A

billions of trees died
rivers dried up, fish died
less carbon stored in forest as drier

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44
Q

how much co2 does rainforest usually absorb per year

A

1.5 billion tonnes of CO2 a year

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45
Q

how much CO2 was released in amazon in 2005

A

5 billion tonnes

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46
Q

how much CO2 was released in amazon in 2010

A

8 billion tonnes

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47
Q

how much of coral reefs may be bleached

A

80% eg great barrier

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48
Q

how many bird species are effected by fewer bird habitats in north america

A

314

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49
Q

what % of land species with limited adaptability to chnaging climate will go extinct

what are the rates of extinction of all species

A

10%

15-40% all species particular those in arctic

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50
Q

how much further north do species of butterflies move north each decade?

A

6.1km

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51
Q

wood to use as fuel which is the source of how many people globally

A

1/3

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52
Q

how much of world oxygen do coral reefs produce

A

half

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53
Q

how much of ocean floor do coral reefs cover

A

0.0025%

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54
Q

what % of marine species live in coral reefs

A

home to 25% marine species

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55
Q

how long ago was the continental drift

A

3 million

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56
Q

how long do milankavich cycles last

A

milankavich cycles last over 100,000 years

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57
Q

how many degrees does axil tilt change by

A

from 21.5 degrees and 24.5 degrees

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58
Q

how long do axil tilt cycles last

A

41,000 cycles

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59
Q

how long do axil wobble cycles last

A

results in 21,000 year cycles and changes the severity of the seasons

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60
Q

how much longer are summers when orbit is more circular in a perihelion

A

Summers will eb around 4 days longer in these conditions which also means winters are shorter so there is less ice.

an aphelion is furthest point away and has opposite effect

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61
Q

how many sherpas live in sagamatha national park

A

6000

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62
Q

how much have glaciers shrunk in sagamatha NP

A

shrunk by 13%

impacting HEP, farming and creating lakes that could cause flooding if breaches glacial debris dam

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63
Q

what magnitude was the earthquake that hit nepal an how many people did the consequent avalanch kill

A

-7.8 magnitude struck 220km from everast

killed 22

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64
Q

how many people do avalanches kill a year worldwide

A

200

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65
Q

how many visitors does Zermatt in Swiz attract a year

how many at peak season

A

2 million

35,000 a peak times

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66
Q

how much of the worlds fresh water do glaciers store

A

69%

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67
Q

how many glaciers on chinese side of tibetan plateau

A

37,000

68
Q

how many depend on glacial water supplies

A

2 billion

69
Q

how many reservoirs does china plan to build

A

59

70
Q

when was antarctic treaty set up

A

Antarctica is protected by international treaty

since 1959

71
Q

how big is the alaska wildlife refuge in km2

A

78,000km2

72
Q

when did sagamatha become a national park

what about UNESCO world heritage site

A

BECAME A NP IN 1976 AS A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE IN 1979

73
Q

how big is sagamatha np

A

1150km2

74
Q

what % of land are zermatt reforesting

A

revegetating areas to cover 85% of areas

75
Q

how much of nepals forest now remains

A

30%

76
Q

how many residents in the Alps

A

14million residents

77
Q

how many tourists in the alps

A

120 million tourists

78
Q

how many countries have signed the antarctic treaty

A

60 which is representative of 89% of worlds people

79
Q

What is the population of Caribou in Greenland in 1993, compared to in 2001?

A 
1993 = 7000
2001 = 140,000

reindeer

80
Q

What is the population of Greenland?

A

56,000

81
Q

When was the Kyoto Protocol introduced?

A

2005

82
Q

When was the Paris Agreement signed?

A

2015

83
Q

How many countries signed the Paris Agreement?

A

142

84
Q

How much did the Paris Agreement give the US for Climate Risk Insurance?

A

$420 million

85
Q

How deep is Continuiouss Permafrost?

A

400m

86
Q

How deep is sporadic Permafrost?

A

10m

87
Q

What % of the Caingorms National Park is “wild land”?

A

47%

88
Q

What % of the Caingorms National Park is protected by European Laws?

A

49%

89
Q

How many people live and work in the Cairngorms?

A

18,000

90
Q

periglacial landscape example

A

yamal peninsula

yukon

91
Q

How deep is the permafrost on the Yamel Peninsula?

A

300m

92
Q

On the Yamel Peninsula how long is the Railway which has been built?

A

572m

93
Q

What is the population of the Nenets on the Yamel Peninsula?

A

410,000

ethnic group native to northern arctic Russia, Russian Far North.

94
Q

How far can the Nenets migrations be?

A

1000km each way

95
Q

what % of earthquakes occur on pacific ring of fire

A

70%

96
Q

how many volcanos are there in the world and how many erupt each year

A

500
50 yearly

indonesia has the most

97
Q

what % of earthquakes are along plate boundaries

A

95%

98
Q

give example of transform fault and how big was the last earthquake here

A

san andreas

1906- 8.3

99
Q

when was the loma prieta earthquake

A

1989

100
Q

how hot are lava flows

A

1170 degrees

101
Q

how big and fast are Lahars

A

vary in size and speed can we 100m’s wide and travel 10m/s so too fast to outrun

102
Q

over last 300 years how many have died due to volcanic hazards

A

260,000

103
Q

how many evacuated in iceland eruption

A

700

104
Q

how much did airlines lose in iceland eruption

A

$1.7 billion

105
Q

how high did the plume of very fine volcanic ash of icelands volcano go

A

33,000 ft

which spread over west europe

106
Q

how many passengers unable to board flights in icelandic eruption

A

10 million

107
Q

how much did europe economy lose in iceland eruption

A

$5 billion

108
Q

when was the eyjafjallajokull eruption

A

2010

109
Q

how many people died in indian ocean tsunami

A

300,000

110
Q

how many commercial flights cancelled in icelandic eruption

A

100,000

111
Q

how many villages destroyed in sumatra 2004

A

1500

112
Q

how many left homeless in sumatra in 2004

A

700,000

113
Q

how many structures in somalia were damaged by 2004 tsunami

A

2000

114
Q

how much did tourist industry lose in 2004 in thailand and how many lost their jobs

A

$25 million a month

120,000 lost jobs

115
Q

what was the overall cost of the 2004 indian ocean tsunami

A

$10 billion

116
Q

what caused tsunami in 2004

A

estimated 9.0 magnitude earthquake heaved ocean floor up 15m sending out shock waves

117
Q

how far did vegetation and top soil move inland in 2004 tsunami

A

vegetation and top soil moved 800m inland

118
Q

what was the number of people dead and missing of the 2010 haiti earthquake

A

316,000

119
Q

what % of villagers killed in coastal villages in tsunami 2004

A

70%

120
Q

what % of people over 60 live in less developed regions

A

66%

121
Q

what factors does PAR model include

A

pressure and release model
1= root causes eg limited access to resources or ideolgies
2= dynamic pressures such as lack of training and skills or macro forces such as deforestation or population growth
3= unsafe conditions such as fragile economy, environment, particular groups at risk

122
Q

what is the GDP per capita in Haiti

A

$1300

123
Q

what was the magnitude of the 2011 japan earthquake and tsunami

A

9.0

124
Q

why was it hard to access coastal communities in 2004 IOTsunami

A

jetties had been washed away and much of the infrastructure lost

125
Q

what % of sri lankas industrial infrastructure and fishing fleet destroyed

A

60%

126
Q

what was the economic cost of the 2010 haiti earthquake

A

$14 billion

127
Q

what is the GDP per capita in japan

A

$39, 473

128
Q

what was the magnitude of the 2008 china earthquake

A

7.9

129
Q

what was the number of people dead and missing of the 2008 china earthquake

A

87,000

130
Q

what is japans hazard risk score

A

133/190 nations

131
Q

what was the number of newly homeless people in the 2008 china earthquake

A

5 million

132
Q

what % of earthquakes in world effect japan

A

30%

133
Q

what is the GDP per capita in china

A

$6000

134
Q

what was the economic cost of japans 2011 E + T

A

$240 billion

135
Q

how many more passengers did eurostar see after icelandic eruption

A

50,000

136
Q

what was the number of newly homeless people in the 2010 haiti earthquake

A

1.3 million

137
Q

how many made homeless in japan earthquake and tsunami

A

130,000

138
Q

number of dead and missing in 2011 japan earthquake and tsunami

A

19,000

139
Q

what was the economic cost of china earthquake

A

$125.6 billion

140
Q

how many relief workers died during china earthquake

A

200

141
Q

how many tonnes of debris left over from earthquake and tsunami in japan

A

25 million tonnes

142
Q

how many buildings destroyed in japan earthquake

A

300,000

143
Q

magnitude of haiti earthquake

A

7.0

144
Q

how much did chinese gov pledge to rebuild

A

$10 billion

within 2 weeks already rebuidling

145
Q

how many people lost homes in haiti earthquake

in 2015 how many still homeless

A

1.3 million as it hit HISPANIOLA

2015 80,000 still displaced

146
Q

what % in haiti live in poverty

A

75%

147
Q

what % of chinas gdp do the 2 regions worst hit acount for

A

45%

148
Q

how many troupes released in 2011 japan earthquake

A

110,000

149
Q

how much in aid was donated to Haiti

A

$13 billion

150
Q

how many struggled with after effects of 2010 earthquakes cholera outbreak

A

7000 died

720,000 effected

151
Q

what is the overall trend with economic cost in natural disasters

A

increasing cost
in 1990 $20 billion
this increased by $100 billion a year between 2000 and 2010

152
Q

how hot are pyroclastic flows and how fast do they travel

A

-700 degrees

much faster than lava flows as they are 100km/h

153
Q

how much higher is death toll from disasters in low income countries

A

3x

154
Q

how did japans energy mix change after the earthquake

A

before 27% was from nuclear

after- 44 reactors shut down and only 1% of energy was from a nuclear source

155
Q

what % live in poverty in philippines

A

25%

156
Q

what were the effects of the 2006 earthquake in the Philippines
deaths
injured
damaged or destroyed buildings

A

15 deaths
injured 100
destroyed 800

157
Q

in California, when was the last time more than 100 died in disaster

A

1933 Long beach earthquake

158
Q

how much did the icelandic eruption cost countries such as Kenya and Zambia who provide fruit to Europe

A

$65million

159
Q

how many natural disasters was the Philippines hit by in 2013

A

3 in 3 months of each other

160
Q

how many did typhoon haiyan in November 2013 kill

A

6201

161
Q

how many died in nepal earthquake in 2015

A

8600

162
Q

how much did 2015 nepal earthqauke cost

A

$5 billion 25% of their gdp

163
Q

how many left homeless in 2015 nepal earthquake

A

3million

164
Q

example of when diverting lava flows was successful

A

successful in 1983 Mount etna

165
Q

how many left homeless in the 2005 Pakistan earthquake

A

3.5 million left homeless

166
Q

how did ngos help in the 2005 Pakistan earthquake

A

-provided over 500,000 tents and blankets and safe water for 700,000 and helped w/ emergency medical care eg Red Cross

167
Q

how did hurricane sandy effect recovery efforts in haiti

A

2013

slowed recovery

A lvl Geography Final Exam (13 decks)

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