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A lvl Geography Final Exam > Geopolitical Interventions > Flashcards

Geopolitical Interventions Flashcards

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1
Q

name some humanitarian motivations for intervention in a country

A
  • offering development aid to poorer countries
  • protecting human rights
  • encouraging healthcare and education
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2
Q

name some mutual benefit motivations for intervention in a country

A
  • strengthening security and stability
  • promote trade and protect routes
  • assess resources
  • encourage inward investment
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3
Q

name some military power motivations for intervention in a country

A
  • providing military support

- increasing global or regional influence

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4
Q

when has development aid been given through history

A
  • cold war given for political reasons to persuade countries east of west
  • end of cold war to help poor
  • 21st centuary in poor countries combatting extremism eg syria
  • also to control migration in turkey and nigeria
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5
Q

what is Aid usually given in the form of

how much aid given by EU was:

  • government and civil society aid
  • humanitarian aid
A

-money allocated for specific purposes

  • 2014 17% of EU aid was for government and civil society
  • 17% for humanitarian aid
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6
Q

what is official development assistance

and what are ‘flows’

A

-term used by OECD to measure aid. widely used as an indicator of flows of international aid
Flows= transfer of resources eg money, services and commodities

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7
Q

what is the UKs bilateral aid target

and how much in aid in 2013

A

0.7% of GNI on international trade

equated to £11.2 billion in 2013

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8
Q

how much did Uk gov give to somalia in 2012

A

£86.8 million (somalia most corrupt country)

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9
Q

how much aid did UK give to afghanistan

A

£200 million

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10
Q

who is the biggest receiver of Overseas Development Aid ODA

A

afghanistan with $5,050 million in 2013 followed by Myanmar with $3,417 million

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11
Q

positives of south korea in Health and human rights

A
  • world class education and healthcare

- impeached president due to bribery

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12
Q

when is military aid usually given

A

given to countries with a poor human rights record

-often given at a change of regime so that there is support for improvement in human rights

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13
Q

how is developmental aid imporving human rights in places like sub saharan africa

A

in Sub-Saharan Africa, UK and US aid is targeted at developing countries, and may improve human rights through meeting basic needs (education, health, food, water and shelter) but it is also about geopolitical influence by creating allies, fighting threats such as terrorism and countering influences from elsewhere (Russia, China)

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14
Q

bilateral aid meaning

A

Given from one country to another, either as cash grants, loans, or technical or military equipment.

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15
Q

explain how developmental aid can improve human rights (EXAM QUESTION)

A

> creating jobs creating infrastructure and transport which will improve human rights like article 4 which is freedom from slavery and forced labour. particiarly important in countries like Taiwan and south korea which were supported by USA and are now “tiger economies” and people can work to support families

> combatting extremism in places like Afghanistan and syria, this has improved education and health in these regions after wars such as the afghanistan war in 2001.
article 25 sees health as part of standard right of living. There has been increased gender equality in places like afghanistan in terms of education. fact on literacy rates
»in haiti after the earthquake and since 1980s Christian Aid has helped communities at rural level by providing 10,000 hygiene kits 7000 with clean water

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16
Q

how has development aid not reduced inquality in developing countries 20 marks
(EXAM QUESTION)

A

HAS NOT>encouraged corruption as there is large ammounts of money involved. and indirectly encourages authoritarian regimes.
> Aid given to Somalia in 2012 from UK which is ranked most currupt nation but still 3/5 children arent in school and many females are still violated
however development aid not only to blame as somalia also troubled by cyclones and droughts
>as well as aid in Afghanistan although education has been improved there is still a gender equality gap in this area and power vacuums have caused more corruption from uprising of groups
However it can be argued that military aid is to blame for this
An analysis of cases between 2007 and 2012 found sanctionable fraud or corruption in 157 contracts worth $245 million, according to world bank

HAS NOT> small scale charities like christian aid helping in rural communities rather than NGOs in urban locations. In 2015 5 years after earthquake 85000 still living in temporary housing. and although haiti are still facing problems the amount of intervention there has been decreasing recently
large amount of haiti still live in poverty
In haiti after earthquake only 2% of the aid made it to the haitian civilians of the $13billion

HAS REDUCED> ECONOMIC AND creating jobs creating infrastructure and transport which will improve human rights like article 4 which is freedom from slavery and forced labour. particiarly important in countries like Taiwan and south korea which were supported by USA and are now “tiger economies” and people can work to support families

HAS REDUCED- GENDER INQUALITY The £143 million programme — delivered through direct cash transfers — has reached 600,000 people in emergencies — including 71,000 families in northern Kenya with severely malnourished children, and pregnant and breastfeeding women. BECAUSE OF UK AID decreased inquality of gender

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17
Q

what % population in haiti live on less than $2 a day

A

77%

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18
Q

in 2015 how many in haiti still living in temp housing

A

85,000

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19
Q

according to world bank how much aid was lost due to corruption of governments

A

$245 million

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20
Q

why can trade embargos be effective in bringing about change

A

-exports and national income is reduced which forces countries to change there ways

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21
Q

what was the trade embargo in iran due to

A

lifted in 2016- concerns of enriched uranium being used in nuclear weapons

USA pulled out of nuclear deal it made other european countries feel obliged to too

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22
Q

when was there a trade embargo in South africa

A

effective trade embargo during apartheid years of 1948-1994 figures such as nelson Mandela fought for rights
(more successful example) brought about change

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23
Q

what was the apartheid

A

Apartheid was a political and social system in South Africa during the era of White minority rule. It enforced racial discrimination against non-Whites, mainly focused on skin colour and facial features. This existed in the twentieth century, from 1948 until the early-1990s.

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24
Q

what was the USA Cuba trade embargo
how much did it cost both countries
when was it lifted

A

codemned by UN

  • cost cuba $685 million a year but cost USA $1.2 billion a year
  • lifted in 2016 under Obama
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25
Q

who were the top recievers of US foreign military spending in 2015

A

-pakistan, iraq, yemen

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26
Q

what does UNESCO believe in terms of gender equality

A

gender equality can be achieved through education

-access to eductaion is restricted during times of internal conflict and religious beliefs.

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27
Q

what did the renewed 2014 5 year aid package for Jordan from USA contain in terms of aid

A

$1 billion overall in economic assistance, in foreign military finance and towards cost by insecurity
$300 million in foreign military finance

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28
Q

despite usa aid to jordan what is there National freedom index score

A

the freedom index score still over 36/ 100 in 2016

29
Q

how could usa aid in jordan be seen as not just to help

A

USA supporting Jordan in order to gain foothold in middle east due to jordans location

30
Q

what did the institute for economics global terrorism index of 2015 showed that in 2014 terrorism concentrated in which countries

A

iraq, afghanistan, nigeria, pakistan syria

31
Q

what % of attacks by terrorists were in countries that supported politcal violence and have lack of respect for human rights

A

92%

32
Q

how many fighters do isis have

A

31,000 fighters

33
Q

when was osama bin laden killed

A

may 2nd 2011

34
Q

when was the taliban regime changed

A

2001

35
Q

how many USA soldiers died in afghan war

A

2,175

36
Q

how much did afghan war cost US military a year

A

$100 million

37
Q

how many refugees did USA accept from afghan

A

90,000

38
Q

how much did the afghan war cost UK

A

£12 billion

39
Q

how many uk soldiers killed in afghan war

A

444

40
Q

how much did uk give in aid to afghanistan in 5 years

A

£710million and regarded as “top foreign policy priority”

41
Q

how many refugees did uk accept from afghanistan

A

56,000

42
Q

when was Guantanamo bay built

A

constructed in 2002 to hold extremists in cuba

43
Q

how many still remain in guantanamo bay

A

40, who are arguably too dangerous to ever let leave

44
Q

how many students were enrolled in schools under afghanistan rule and how many of these girls

how do these stats differ in 2013

A
  1. 2 million students, 50,000 girls

10. 5 million by 2013 but still not even mix of boys to girls

45
Q

what % of girls are literate

A

37%

46
Q

what % of women are literate in afghanistan

A

19%

47
Q

what did edmund burke say i regards to military action

A

‘the only thing necessary for triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing’

48
Q

how many poeple are in prison camps in north korea under kim jong family

A

80,000-120,000

49
Q

how many deaths is saddam hussain responsible for

A

180,000 died

genocide of the Kurdish population in northern iraq using chemical weapons

50
Q

how many detainees were brought to guantanamo bay

A

775 but many of these released without charge

prisoners of war but some tortured

51
Q

how many civilian deaths as result of afghanistan war

A

149,000

52
Q

when did usa and uk stop combat operations in Afghanistan

A

2013

-there is still little peace due to suicide bombings ans talliban are taking back control

53
Q

how long was USA cuba trade embargo

A

50 year long

54
Q

how much of haitian healthcare comes from NGOs

A

dependency on aid created as about 70% of haitian healthcare comes from NGOs

55
Q

what is the Niger delta

A

3rd largest wetland and 4th largest mangrove forest in the world

56
Q

what % does oil industry forms core of nigerian economy

A

oil industry forms core of nigerian economy making up 55% of the joint venture with TNCs which are owned by Nigerian national Petroleum Coorporation

57
Q

how many oil spills have their been in the Niger Delta in 2014

A

550 in 2014

due to extensive oil pipelines, theft and sabotage

58
Q

how much money is lost due to stolen oil

A

$20 billion

59
Q

what was the military aid in Jordan?

A

accepted refugees from syria but refused entry to palestinian refugees escaping syria and instead detained and deported them

60
Q

negatives of trade embargos

A

> less moeny generated for country and civilians lose ot further
usually leads to diplomatic fall out
can also do it to portect domestic production so rich countries get richer and poor countries get poorer

61
Q

what can be argued as better than giving financial development aid

A

the transfer of technical assistance in the forms of human resources like skills and expertise or technology to directly help

62
Q

briefly describe the military action in Afghanistan

A

following 9/11, UN security council planned an international military assult on Afghanistan with the intent to bomb terrorist training camps and kill terrorist leaders
Did this by dominating afghan cities and suporting the Afghan Northern Alliance who were resistors to the Taliban

63
Q

positives/ good outcomes of milit. acti. in afghanistan

A 
> democracy instilled in 2004
>Osama bin laden killed
>removal of Taliban Regime in Dec 2001
>Rules on womens islamic dress lifted
>Afghan army were trained

> good internationally as threat from terrorists was removed
human rights improved

64
Q

negatives of intervening by military action

A

> questioned human rights of those intervening such as torture in guantanamo bay which violated geneva conventions

> Srebrenica massacre 8000 died at hands of UNs military intervention

65
Q

why is military aid given

A

to areas of instability with a poor human rights record

>often given during a change of regime so that there is support for human rights

66
Q

disadvantages of military aid

A

aid may be given for political reasons like obtaining resoruces and gaining influence in area

takes a large amount of time to actuall cause change in the region culturally and politically but sometimes countries return to these old regimes

67
Q

example of military aid

A

Jordan and USA

Bolivia zimbabwe and egypt -during time of regime change

68
Q

examples for military action

A

Afghanistan
ISIS (most organised terrorist group 31,000 and wealthiest to due to gaining oil territory in iraq and syria. UK and USA used air strikes to halt and weaken ISIS

A lvl Geography Final Exam (13 decks)

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