Geopolitical Interventions Flashcards
name some humanitarian motivations for intervention in a country
- offering development aid to poorer countries
- protecting human rights
- encouraging healthcare and education
name some mutual benefit motivations for intervention in a country
- strengthening security and stability
- promote trade and protect routes
- assess resources
- encourage inward investment
name some military power motivations for intervention in a country
- providing military support
- increasing global or regional influence
when has development aid been given through history
- cold war given for political reasons to persuade countries east of west
- end of cold war to help poor
- 21st centuary in poor countries combatting extremism eg syria
- also to control migration in turkey and nigeria
what is Aid usually given in the form of
how much aid given by EU was:
- government and civil society aid
- humanitarian aid
-money allocated for specific purposes
- 2014 17% of EU aid was for government and civil society
- 17% for humanitarian aid
what is official development assistance
and what are ‘flows’
-term used by OECD to measure aid. widely used as an indicator of flows of international aid
Flows= transfer of resources eg money, services and commodities
what is the UKs bilateral aid target
and how much in aid in 2013
0.7% of GNI on international trade
equated to £11.2 billion in 2013
how much did Uk gov give to somalia in 2012
£86.8 million (somalia most corrupt country)
how much aid did UK give to afghanistan
£200 million
who is the biggest receiver of Overseas Development Aid ODA
afghanistan with $5,050 million in 2013 followed by Myanmar with $3,417 million
positives of south korea in Health and human rights
- world class education and healthcare
- impeached president due to bribery
when is military aid usually given
given to countries with a poor human rights record
-often given at a change of regime so that there is support for improvement in human rights
how is developmental aid imporving human rights in places like sub saharan africa
in Sub-Saharan Africa, UK and US aid is targeted at developing countries, and may improve human rights through meeting basic needs (education, health, food, water and shelter) but it is also about geopolitical influence by creating allies, fighting threats such as terrorism and countering influences from elsewhere (Russia, China)
bilateral aid meaning
Given from one country to another, either as cash grants, loans, or technical or military equipment.
explain how developmental aid can improve human rights (EXAM QUESTION)
> creating jobs creating infrastructure and transport which will improve human rights like article 4 which is freedom from slavery and forced labour. particiarly important in countries like Taiwan and south korea which were supported by USA and are now “tiger economies” and people can work to support families
> combatting extremism in places like Afghanistan and syria, this has improved education and health in these regions after wars such as the afghanistan war in 2001.
article 25 sees health as part of standard right of living. There has been increased gender equality in places like afghanistan in terms of education. fact on literacy rates
»in haiti after the earthquake and since 1980s Christian Aid has helped communities at rural level by providing 10,000 hygiene kits 7000 with clean water
how has development aid not reduced inquality in developing countries 20 marks
(EXAM QUESTION)
HAS NOT>encouraged corruption as there is large ammounts of money involved. and indirectly encourages authoritarian regimes.
> Aid given to Somalia in 2012 from UK which is ranked most currupt nation but still 3/5 children arent in school and many females are still violated
however development aid not only to blame as somalia also troubled by cyclones and droughts
>as well as aid in Afghanistan although education has been improved there is still a gender equality gap in this area and power vacuums have caused more corruption from uprising of groups
However it can be argued that military aid is to blame for this
An analysis of cases between 2007 and 2012 found sanctionable fraud or corruption in 157 contracts worth $245 million, according to world bank
HAS NOT> small scale charities like christian aid helping in rural communities rather than NGOs in urban locations. In 2015 5 years after earthquake 85000 still living in temporary housing. and although haiti are still facing problems the amount of intervention there has been decreasing recently
large amount of haiti still live in poverty
In haiti after earthquake only 2% of the aid made it to the haitian civilians of the $13billion
HAS REDUCED> ECONOMIC AND creating jobs creating infrastructure and transport which will improve human rights like article 4 which is freedom from slavery and forced labour. particiarly important in countries like Taiwan and south korea which were supported by USA and are now “tiger economies” and people can work to support families
HAS REDUCED- GENDER INQUALITY The £143 million programme — delivered through direct cash transfers — has reached 600,000 people in emergencies — including 71,000 families in northern Kenya with severely malnourished children, and pregnant and breastfeeding women. BECAUSE OF UK AID decreased inquality of gender
what % population in haiti live on less than $2 a day
77%
in 2015 how many in haiti still living in temp housing
85,000
according to world bank how much aid was lost due to corruption of governments
$245 million
why can trade embargos be effective in bringing about change
-exports and national income is reduced which forces countries to change there ways
what was the trade embargo in iran due to
lifted in 2016- concerns of enriched uranium being used in nuclear weapons
USA pulled out of nuclear deal it made other european countries feel obliged to too
when was there a trade embargo in South africa
effective trade embargo during apartheid years of 1948-1994 figures such as nelson Mandela fought for rights
(more successful example) brought about change
what was the apartheid
Apartheid was a political and social system in South Africa during the era of White minority rule. It enforced racial discrimination against non-Whites, mainly focused on skin colour and facial features. This existed in the twentieth century, from 1948 until the early-1990s.
what was the USA Cuba trade embargo
how much did it cost both countries
when was it lifted
codemned by UN
- cost cuba $685 million a year but cost USA $1.2 billion a year
- lifted in 2016 under Obama
who were the top recievers of US foreign military spending in 2015
-pakistan, iraq, yemen
what does UNESCO believe in terms of gender equality
gender equality can be achieved through education
-access to eductaion is restricted during times of internal conflict and religious beliefs.
what did the renewed 2014 5 year aid package for Jordan from USA contain in terms of aid
$1 billion overall in economic assistance, in foreign military finance and towards cost by insecurity
$300 million in foreign military finance
despite usa aid to jordan what is there National freedom index score
the freedom index score still over 36/ 100 in 2016
how could usa aid in jordan be seen as not just to help
USA supporting Jordan in order to gain foothold in middle east due to jordans location
what did the institute for economics global terrorism index of 2015 showed that in 2014 terrorism concentrated in which countries
iraq, afghanistan, nigeria, pakistan syria
what % of attacks by terrorists were in countries that supported politcal violence and have lack of respect for human rights
92%
how many fighters do isis have
31,000 fighters
when was osama bin laden killed
may 2nd 2011
when was the taliban regime changed
2001
how many USA soldiers died in afghan war
2,175
how much did afghan war cost US military a year
$100 million
how many refugees did USA accept from afghan
90,000
how much did the afghan war cost UK
£12 billion
how many uk soldiers killed in afghan war
444
how much did uk give in aid to afghanistan in 5 years
£710million and regarded as “top foreign policy priority”
how many refugees did uk accept from afghanistan
56,000
when was Guantanamo bay built
constructed in 2002 to hold extremists in cuba
how many still remain in guantanamo bay
40, who are arguably too dangerous to ever let leave
how many students were enrolled in schools under afghanistan rule and how many of these girls
how do these stats differ in 2013
- 2 million students, 50,000 girls
10. 5 million by 2013 but still not even mix of boys to girls
what % of girls are literate
37%
what % of women are literate in afghanistan
19%
what did edmund burke say i regards to military action
‘the only thing necessary for triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing’
how many poeple are in prison camps in north korea under kim jong family
80,000-120,000
how many deaths is saddam hussain responsible for
180,000 died
genocide of the Kurdish population in northern iraq using chemical weapons
how many detainees were brought to guantanamo bay
775 but many of these released without charge
prisoners of war but some tortured
how many civilian deaths as result of afghanistan war
149,000
when did usa and uk stop combat operations in Afghanistan
2013
-there is still little peace due to suicide bombings ans talliban are taking back control
how long was USA cuba trade embargo
50 year long
how much of haitian healthcare comes from NGOs
dependency on aid created as about 70% of haitian healthcare comes from NGOs
what is the Niger delta
3rd largest wetland and 4th largest mangrove forest in the world
what % does oil industry forms core of nigerian economy
oil industry forms core of nigerian economy making up 55% of the joint venture with TNCs which are owned by Nigerian national Petroleum Coorporation
how many oil spills have their been in the Niger Delta in 2014
550 in 2014
due to extensive oil pipelines, theft and sabotage
how much money is lost due to stolen oil
$20 billion
what was the military aid in Jordan?
accepted refugees from syria but refused entry to palestinian refugees escaping syria and instead detained and deported them
negatives of trade embargos
> less moeny generated for country and civilians lose ot further
usually leads to diplomatic fall out
can also do it to portect domestic production so rich countries get richer and poor countries get poorer
what can be argued as better than giving financial development aid
the transfer of technical assistance in the forms of human resources like skills and expertise or technology to directly help
briefly describe the military action in Afghanistan
following 9/11, UN security council planned an international military assult on Afghanistan with the intent to bomb terrorist training camps and kill terrorist leaders
Did this by dominating afghan cities and suporting the Afghan Northern Alliance who were resistors to the Taliban
positives/ good outcomes of milit. acti. in afghanistan
> democracy instilled in 2004 >Osama bin laden killed >removal of Taliban Regime in Dec 2001 >Rules on womens islamic dress lifted >Afghan army were trained
> good internationally as threat from terrorists was removed
human rights improved
negatives of intervening by military action
> questioned human rights of those intervening such as torture in guantanamo bay which violated geneva conventions
> Srebrenica massacre 8000 died at hands of UNs military intervention
why is military aid given
to areas of instability with a poor human rights record
>often given during a change of regime so that there is support for human rights
disadvantages of military aid
aid may be given for political reasons like obtaining resoruces and gaining influence in area
takes a large amount of time to actuall cause change in the region culturally and politically but sometimes countries return to these old regimes
example of military aid
Jordan and USA
Bolivia zimbabwe and egypt -during time of regime change
examples for military action
Afghanistan
ISIS (most organised terrorist group 31,000 and wealthiest to due to gaining oil territory in iraq and syria. UK and USA used air strikes to halt and weaken ISIS
