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A lvl Geography Final Exam > Glaciated landscapes threat and management > Flashcards

Glaciated landscapes threat and management Flashcards

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1
Q

where is sagmatha national park

A

in eastern nepal near mount everast and borders india and china

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2
Q

how many sherpas live in sagamatha national park

A

6000

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3
Q

what are the threats facing sagamatha national park

A
  • tourism
  • climate change
  • avalanches
  • deforestation and landslides
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4
Q

how is tourism a threat to sagamatha NP

A
  • footpath erosion and illegal trails
  • water pollution
  • waste disposal
  • increased demand for forest products
  • new lodges and hotels built
  • changes to traditional sherpa way of life
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5
Q

how is climate change and shrinking glacials a threat to sagamatha NP

A

shrunk by 13%

impacting HEP, farming and creating lakes that could cause flooding if breaches glacial debris dam

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6
Q

how much have glaciers in SNP shrunk by

A

13%

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7
Q

how are avalanches a threat to SNP

A

-risk to life and landscape

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8
Q

what magnitude was the earthquake that hit nepal an how many people did the consequent avalanch kill

A

-7.8 magnitude struck 220km from everast

killed 22

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9
Q

how is deforestation and landslides a threat to SNP

A

-loss of wildlife, erosion of exposed soil, disruption to water cycle, infertile soil, risk of avalaches

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10
Q

what is deforested wood/ land used for in SNP

A

farming, firewood/fuel, clearing for roads and reservoirs

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11
Q

name some natural threats to glaciated landscapes

A

avalanches
landslides
glacial outburst floods
rockfalls

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12
Q

name some human threats to glaciated landscapes

A

Tourism
mining
reservoir construction
urbanisation and infrastructure

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13
Q

how many people do avalanches kill a year worldwide

A

200

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14
Q

what is a glacial outburst flood

A

powerful flood
caused by sudden discharge of water from sub-glacial or ice moraine dammed lake
meltwater collected behind is released
threat to people and property in valley

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15
Q

how many visitors does Zermatt in Swiz attract a year

how many at peak season

A

2 million

35,000 a peak times

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16
Q

how does tourism affect places like Zermatt

A

huge demand for energy and water
environemntal degradation
increased noise and vehicle emissions

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17
Q

how much of the worlds fresh water do glaciers store

A

69%

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18
Q

how is dam/ reservoir construction a threat to glaciated landscapes

A

many countries tapping into water from glaciers
> such as chinese side of tibetan plateau which contains largest volume outside polar regions
>many depend on this water
>construction requires habitat destruction, heavy machinery, clearing of land, irreversible damage

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19
Q

how many glaciers on chinese side of tibetan plateau

A

37,000

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20
Q

how many depend on glacial water supplies

A

2 billion

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21
Q

how many reservoirs does china plan to build

A

59

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22
Q

how is urbanisation a threat to glaciated landscapes

A

> traditionally this was the development of settlements in relict glaciated areas for agricultural purposes
however in polar environments this is for exploitation purposes only as areas are surrounded by nothing
eg) for whaling mining or fishing

more pollution, toxic waste, conflict with natives/outsiders
reduction in native and traditional cultures eg) Inuits in greenland

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23
Q

what are 3 examples of types of management approaches

A

> total exploitation
sustainable exploitation
total exploitation

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24
Q

what is total exploitation

aka do nothing

A

> maximum economic exploitation with no protection for natural environment
preferred approach of industries where large reserves of minerals metals or fossils require open cast mining or large scale infrastructure
conflict with conservationists and natives

eg) Yamal Peninsula for gas and Russian government favouring total exploitation causing environment and culture degradation

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25
Q

what is sustainable exploitation

A

balance of need for exploitation and economic growth and need for conserving natural environment and indigenous cultures
>aims to take into account the interests of all stakeholders to reduce conflict
>relies on compromise and hard to achieve

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26
Q

what is total protection

A

complete conservation of natural environment maintaining pristine conditions
>only exploitation can be for scientific purposes and research and at MOST ecotourism

> support from conservationists but not businesses
mostly only capable in remote locations that are sparsely populated eg)antarctica, greenland, alaska national parks
ENFORCED BY NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORKS LIKE ANTARCTICA TREATY

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27
Q

name some stakeholders in glaciated landscapes

A 
>IGO's  eg) UNEP
>TNCs like Shell
>Global, national and local pressure groups like greenpeace
>National and Local global governments
>Local businesses farming or ski hire
>Native people eg Inuit
>tourists and visitors
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28
Q

what are IGO’s interests in glaciated landscapes

A

like UNEP
>have high power and often team up with pressure groups like Greenpeace
>aim to promote international cooperation and protection of natural landscapes to achieve global sustainability
>eg) Antarctica is protected by international treaty
since 1959

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29
Q

what are TNC’s interests in glaciated landscapes

A

utilise economic resources to gain profits and meet needs of industries and consumers

30
Q

what are pressure groups interests in glaciated landscapes

A

influence public policy in interest of particular causes like conservation
>aim to protect natural landscape like greenpeace

some groups want to allow exploitation in protected areas however like ANWR in the Arctic national wildlife refuge in Alaska

31
Q

what are National / local governments interests in glaciated landscapes

A

> aim to establish appropriate management strategies to balance economic social and environment concerns

hard to achieve when there are valuable economic resources in fragile natural environments so coflict must be managed

32
Q

what are Iocal businesses interests in glaciated landscapes

A

use local economic resources to maintain livlihood and quality of life
usually in areas with fewer alternatives

33
Q

what are Native people’s interests in glaciated landscapes

A

> often depend on natural environment for survival like food shelter

> often nomadic and migrate within region and have conflict with stakeholders
spiritual and cultural links

34
Q

what are tourist and visitors interests in glaciated landscapes

A

> infrastructure required for travel and accomodation

>variety of activities which are to appreciate nature

35
Q

evaluate the view that tourism poses the biggest threat to glaciated landscapes active and relict

A

IT DOES»> footpath erosion and effects cultures like sherpas and inuit (1)
increased infrastructure and urbansiation, transport all accelerate climate change (2)

IT DOESNT»> Climate change glacial outburst floods, avalanches and landslides, (1)
Resource extraction, dam construction, deforestation(2)

36
Q

evaluate the view that threats to glaciated landscapes can ONLY be managed successfully on a global scale
EXAM QUESTION

think legeslative aggreements and sustainable management schemes

A

GLOBAL SCALE EXAMPLES

  • Antarctic Treaty
  • NGOs like Greenpeace that opperate globally
  • Alpine convention

SMALLER SCALE EXAMPLES/ NGOs

  • sustainable ski resorts like Zermatt
  • conservation agreements like the Alaska Wildlife refuge
  • sagamatha is a national park
37
Q

what is the alaska wildlife refuge

A

The Alaska National Wildlife Refuge is a national wildlife refuge in northeastern Alaska, United States. It consists of 19,286,722 acres in the Alaska North Slope region. It is the largest national wildlife refuge in the country, slightly larger than the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge. Wikipedia

TOTAL PROTECTION APPROACH ON SMALLER SCALE

38
Q

what is the antarctic treaty

A

The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively known as the Antarctic Treaty System, regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth’s only continent without a native human population

> demiliarised zone
est during cold war for protection from nuclear activity
most successful treaty
1961

LARGE SCALE TOTAL PROTECTION APPROACH

39
Q

What kind of protection is the zermatt ski resort and the SAGAMATHA NATIONAL PARK

A

SUSTAINABLE PROTECTION

40
Q

what is sagamatha np

A

Sagarmatha National Park is a protected area in the Himalayas of northeast Nepal. It’s dominated by snow-capped mountains including Mount Everest (Sagarmatha), and encompasses glaciers, valleys and trails. It’s home to rare species like the snow leopard, musk deer and red panda. Many Sherpa people live here,

BECAME A NP IN 1976 AS A UNESCO WORLD HEITAGE SITE IN 1979

41
Q

how big is sagamatha np

A

1,150km²

42
Q

how is the zermatt ski resort sustainable

A

car free, runs on electric busses

revegetating areas to cover 85% of areas

43
Q

how are sagamatha controlling activities in the park

A

> limitting number of permits to climbers each year
banning goats to protect vegetation
establishing plant nurseries to re establish forests on slopes which will reduce erosion
building micro HEP stations for local use
using kerosene instead of firewood for cooking
stopping development projects like extension of Sanboche airport

44
Q

how much of nepals forest now remains

A

30%

45
Q

what is the alpine convention

A

-treaty between Euopean countries like italy france austria which are in alpine areas
>aim to achieve sustainable development in the Alps by protecting enviornment while promoting economic development Sust. exploitation approach

> balance the needs of 14million residents and 120 million tourists
however switzerland have not ratified the protocols yet as the convention was critisised by locals in areas who felt that they would lose control of their parts pf the Alps
convention was more enviornmentally based rather than economically based
TACKLING CLIMATE CHANGE

46
Q

how many tourists visit alps each year

A

120 million

47
Q

how many countries have signed the antarctic treaty

A

60 which is representative of 89% of worlds people

48
Q

unsucess of antarctic treaty

A

tourists are still allowed in moderation

49
Q

What is the population of Caribou in Greenland in 1993, compared to in 2001?

A 
1993 = 7000
2001 = 140,000

reindeer

50
Q

What are the threats to Glaciers in Greenland?

A

Soil Erosion, Trampling and Landslides

51
Q

What is the population of Greenland?

A

56,000

52
Q

What is the Active layer?

A

The top layer of soil in permafrost environments that thaws during summer, but freezes in the winter

53
Q

What are the 3 types of Permafrost?

A

Continious, Discontinious and Sporadic

54
Q

When was the Kyoto Protocol introduced?

A

16th February 2005

55
Q

What does the Kyoto Protocol do?

A

They want to reduce greenhouse gasses as well as removing Hydroflorocarbons to reduce deplation of the Ozone

56
Q

When was the Antartic Treaty signed?

A

1st December 1959

57
Q

What does the Antartic Treaty do?

A

It believes that Antartica shall be used for a peaceful purposeas well as freedom from scientific investigation

58
Q

How many countries are part of the Antartic Treaty?

A

52

59
Q

When was the Paris Agreement signed?

A

22nd April 2016

60
Q

What does the Paris Agreement do?

A

Reduces greenhouse gasses and emmitions

61
Q

How many countries signed the Paris Agreement?

A

142

62
Q

How much did the Paris Agreement give the US for Climate Risk Insurance?

A

$420 million

63
Q

How deep is Continuiouss Permafrost?

A

400m

64
Q

How deep is Sporadic Permafrost?

A

10m

65
Q

What % of the Caingorms National Park is “wild land”?

A

47%

66
Q

What % of the Caingorms National Park is protected by European Laws?

A

49%

67
Q

How many people live and work in the Cairngorms?

A

18,000

68
Q

periglacial landscape example

A

yamal peninsula

69
Q

How deep is the permafrost on the Yamel Peninsula?

A

300m

70
Q

On the Yamel Peninsula how long is the Railway which has been built?

A

572m

71
Q

What is the population of the Nenets on the Yamel Peninsula?

A

410,000

ethnic group native to northern arctic Russia, Russian Far North.

72
Q

How far can the Nenets migrations be?

A

1000km each way

A lvl Geography Final Exam (13 decks)

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