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physio > somatosensory > Flashcards

somatosensory Flashcards

1
Q

Gray matter

A

neuron cell bodies with little myelin

site of information processing, synaptic integration

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2
Q

White matter

A

abundantly myelinated axons

carry signals from one part of the CNS to another

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3
Q

posterior (dorsal) root of spinal nerve only carries ____ ____

A

sensory fibers

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4
Q

anterior (ventral) root of pinal nerve carries only ___ ____

A

motor fibers

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5
Q

What are columns or funiculi of white matter?

A

three pairs of these white matter bundles

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6
Q

ascending tracts carry..

A

sensory information up the spinal cord

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7
Q

descending tracts carry…

A

motor information down the spinal cord

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8
Q

What is decussation?

A

as the fibers pass up or down the brainstem and spinal cord they cross over from the left to the right side and vice versa

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9
Q

What is contralateral?

A

when the origin and destination of a tract are on opposite sides of the body

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10
Q

What is ipilateral?

A

when the origin and destination of a tract are on the same side of the body;does not decussate

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11
Q

What are the ascending tracts?

A 
gracile fasciculus
cuneate fasciculus
spinothalamic tract
spinoreticular tract
posterior and anterior spinocerebellar tracts
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12
Q

What are the two neurons involved in descending tracts?

A

upper motor neuron- originates in cerebral cortex or brainstem and terminates on a lower motor neuron
lower motor neuron- in brianstem or spinal cord

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13
Q

What is the cause of chickenpox?

A

varicella-zoster virus

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14
Q

Where does the chickenpox virus remain for life?

A

posterior root ganglia

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15
Q

What is shingles?

A

localized disease caused by the virus traveling down the sensory nerves by fast axonal transport when immune system is comprimised

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16
Q

What are symptoms of shingles?

A

painful trail of skin discoloration and fluid-filled vesicles along path of nerve, usually in chest and waist on one side of the body, pain and itching

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17
Q

What is meningitis? what is the cause?

A

inflammation of the meninges

  • most serious between ages of 3 months and 2 years
  • caused by bacterial and/or viral invasion of the CNS
  • Pia mater and arachnoid ar emost often affected
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18
Q

Signs of meningitis

A

high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, intense headache

- may progress to coma then death within hours of onset

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19
Q

how is meningitis diagnosed?

A

by examining CSF for bacteria

- lumbar puncture draws fluid from subarachnoid space between two lumber vertebrae

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20
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

congenital defect in whihc one or more vertebrae fail to form a complete vertebral arch for enclosure of the spinal cord

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21
Q

When does spina bifida occur?

A

first 4 weeks of development, so folic acid supplementation must begin 3 months before contraception

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22
Q

What is a complete transection?

A

complete severance of cord

-immediate loss of motor control below level of injury

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23
Q

Where along the spine would spinal cord trauma pose the threat of respiratory failure?

A

above C4

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24
Q

What doe sthe medulla oblongata control?

A

caridac center- adjusts rate and force of heart
vasomotor center- adjusts blood vessel diameter
respiratory centers- control rate and depth of breahting
reflex centers- for coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting, etc.

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25
Q

Pyramids of the medulla oblongata contain descending fibers called corticospinal tracts, what do they carry?

A

motor signals to skeletal muscles

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26
Q

In the medulla oblongata, what does the inferior olivary nucleus do?

A

relay center for signals to cerebellum

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27
Q

What is the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata?

A

loose network of nuclei extending throughout the medulla, pons, and midbrain
- contains cardiac, vasomotor and respiratory centers

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28
Q

Metencephalon

A

develops into the pons and cerebellum

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29
Q

Pons

A

anterior bulge in brainstem, rostral to medulla

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30
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

connnect cerebellum to pons and midbrian

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31
Q

Characterisitics of the pons

A

ascending sensory tracts, descending motor tracts, pathways in and out of cerebellum, cranial nerves V VI VII VIII, reticular formation whcih contains additional nuclei concerned with sleep, respiration, posture

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32
Q

Parts of midbrain & function

A
  • substantia nigra- dark gray to black nucleus, motor center that relays inhibitory signals to thalamus and basal nuclei preventing unwanted body movement
  • cerebral crus- bundles of nerve fibers that connect the cererbrum to the pons, carries corticospinal tracts
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33
Q

What part of the brain leads to tremors of parkinson’s?

A

the midbrian- degeneration of neurons

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34
Q

Where is the reticular formation?

A

loosely organized web of gray matter that runs vertically through all levels of the brianstem, clusters of gray matter scattered throughout pons, midbrain and medulla, occupies space between white fiber tracts and brianstem nuclei, and many connections with many areas of cerebrum

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35
Q

What does the reticular formation control?

A

somatic motor control (motor coordinaiton), cardiovascular control, pain modulation, sleep and consciousness, habituation (brain ignores repetitive, incosequential stimuli)

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36
Q

What is the largets part of the hindrbain? (second largest part of the brain as a whole)

A

cerebellum

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37
Q

What deos the cerebellum consist of?

A

right and elft cerebellar hemispheres connected by vermis

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38
Q

Characteristics of cerebellum

A

cortex of gray matter with folds and four deep nuclei in each hemisphere

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39
Q

What is the arbor vitae?

A

white matter branching pattern of the cerebellum

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40
Q

cerebellar peduncles

A

three pairs of stalks that connect the cerebellum to the brianstem

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41
Q

inferior peduncles

A

connected to medulla oblongata

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42
Q

middle peduncles

A

connected to the pons

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43
Q

superior peduncles

A

connencted to the midbrian

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44
Q

functions of cerebellum

A

monitors muscle contractions and aid sin motor coordination, evaluation of sensory input, timekeeping center, hearing, planning and scheduling

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45
Q

What might lesions of the cerebellum result in?

A

emotional overreactions and troubel with impulse control

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46
Q

What are the two parts of the forebrain?

A
  • diencephalon- enclose thrid ventricle, most rostral part of the brianstem
  • telencephalon- develops cheifly into the cerebrum
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47
Q

What are the three embryonic derivatives of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

48
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

ovoid mass on each side oft he brian perched at the superior end of the brainstem beneath the cerebral hemispheres

49
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

hromone secretion, autonomic effects (heart rate, bp, etc.), thermoregulation, food and water intake, rhythm of sleep and waking, memory, emotional behavior

50
Q

What part of the forebrain is the cerebrum a part of?

A

telencephalon

51
Q

What is the cerebrum and functions?

A

largest and most conspicuous part of human brian

-seat of sensory perception, memory, thought, judgement, and voluntary motor actions

52
Q

What si the white fibrous tract that connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

corpus callosum

53
Q

What is the gyri and sulci of the cerebrum?

A

gyri- increases SA for information-processing capability

sulci- some divide each hemispheres into five lobes named cranial bones overlying them

54
Q

What are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum?

A

frontal lobes, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, insula (hidden by other regions)

55
Q

frontal lobe

A

voluntary motor functions, motivation, foresight, planning, memory, mood, emotion, social judgement, and aggression

56
Q

parietal lobe

A

receives and intergrates general sensory info, taste, and soem visual processing

57
Q

occipital lobe

A

primary visual center of brain

58
Q

temporal lobe

A

areas for hearing, smell, learning, memory, and some aspects of vision and emotion

59
Q

insula

A

understanding spoken language, taste and sensory information form visceral receptors

60
Q

what is the sensory homunculus?

A

diagram of the primary somesthetic cortex which resebles an upside-down sensory map of the contralateral side of the body

61
Q

somatotopy

A

point-topoinnt correspondence between an area of the boyd and an area of the CNS

62
Q

What are somatic senses?

A

mechanoreceptive- tactile (touch, pressure, vibration, ticle), position (static and rate of movement of body parts)
thermoreceptive- hot and cold
pain- damage to tissue

63
Q

what is touch?

A

stimulation of tactile receptors in the skin

64
Q

What is pressure?

A

deformation of deep tissue

65
Q

what is vibration?

A

rapid repetitive sensory signals

66
Q

What are the types of mechanoreceptors in the hand?

A

meissner, merkel, pacinian corpuscle, ruffini endings

67
Q

What is the iggo dome receptor?

A

gorup of merkel discs, which create a very sensitive recptor, concentrated in the finger tips

68
Q

nerve signal transmission of the iggo dome receptor

A

alpha beta myelinated fibers (msot specialized endings)- fast transmission
alpha delta myleinated fibers (free nerve endings) - slower

69
Q

Sensory nerve characterisitcs

A

C- slow pain
alpha delta
alpha beta- fast pain

70
Q

Where is the cell body located?

A

dorsal root ganglia

71
Q

The doral root ganglion cell has an axon wiht 2 branches, what are they?

A

peripheral- terminates in specialized receptors

central- terminates in dorsal honr of the spinal cord

72
Q

Spinal pathways for somatic signal; dorsal column-meidal lemniscal

A

large, myelinated fibers
somatotropic organization
fine touch, proprioception, pressure, vibraiton

73
Q

spinal pathways for somatic signals; anterolateral pathways

A

small, myelinated fibers

pain, temp, crude touch, itch

74
Q

the medial branch of the dorsal column pathway

A

ascends through dorsal columns to brain stem

75
Q

lateral branch of the dorsal column pathway

A

many divisions and synapses within SC

  • local neuron activation which will eventually enter DC
  • spinal reflec mediation
  • spinocerebellar tract
  • spinocervical tract
76
Q

spinocerebellar in the dorsal column pathway

A

convey proprioceptive information to the cerebellum (ipsilateral tract)

  • dorsalp muscle spindle information
  • ventral- golgi tendojn organ information
77
Q

spino-olivary in dorsal column pathway

A

proprioceptive information to the olivary nucleus then to cerebellum

78
Q

spinocervical in dorsal column pathway

A

vestigial in humans

79
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway is responsible for what?

A

deep touch, vibration, and proprioception are carried in the dorsal cavities

80
Q

What are the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order neurons responsible for in the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway?

A

1st order neuron travels up the ipsilateral SC terminating in th emedulla oblongata
decussation of 2nd order neuron in medulla
3rd order neuron in thalamus carries signal to cerebral cortex

81
Q

In DCML pathway; where do third order neurons project to?

A

1 and 2 somatosensory cortex

82
Q

In DCML; what is 1 somatosensory cortex?

A

brodmann’s area 1,2,3

83
Q

In DCML; what is 2 somatosensory cortex?

A

brodmann’s area 5 and 7A

84
Q

What is the somatosensory area and where?

A
  • arranged as a sensory homunculus
  • very discrete localization in 1 somatosensory cortex
  • 2 somatosensory cortex organization is not as defined
85
Q

Where does input first arrivein the somatosensory cortex?

A

at layer IV

86
Q

What layers receive diffuse, nonspecific input?

A

I and II

control overall level of excitability

87
Q

What do layer II and III in the somatosensory cortex do?

A

send information to related sutes on opposite sites on opposite sides of the brain
axons travel thru corpus callosum

88
Q

What do layers V and VI of the somatosensory cortex do?

A

regulation of signal transmission

output to basal ganglia, spinal cord, brain stem and thalamus

89
Q

what are the functions of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A 
Localize different sensations in different body parts
Judge degrees of pressure
Judge object weights
Determine object shapes
Determine material textures
90
Q

Fucntions of the somatosensory association cortex

A

deciphers meaning from sensory input

91
Q

Where does the somatosensory assocaition cortex receive signals from?

A

1 somatosensory cortex
thalamus
visual cortex
auditory cortex

92
Q

What happens when the somatosensory association cortex is inhibted?

A

Amorphosynthesis

-inability to recognize complex objects and forms on the opposite side of the body

93
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

specific area of the skin taht receives sensory input from a pair of spinal nerves

94
Q

A diagram of the cutaneous regions innervated by each spinal nerve

A

dermatome map

95
Q

Up to how much do dermatomes overlap their edges?

A

as much as 50%

96
Q

Why must you anesthetize three successive spinal nerves?

A

to produce a total loss of sensation in one dermatome

97
Q

Why does 2 point discrimination occur?

A

because of laterl inhibition

98
Q

Where does lateral inhibiton occur?

A

at each level of DCML pathway

  • gracile and cuneate nuclei
  • VPL of thalamus
  • somatosensory cortex
99
Q

What are the 3 stimuli types for pain?

A

mechanical, themral and chemical (bradykinin, acid, ACh, prostaglandin, substance P)

100
Q

Painreceptors are non-adapting. Increase in sensitivity is called what?

A

hyperalgesia

101
Q

What sensations are carried in the spinothalamic pathway?

A

pain, pressure, temp, light touch, tickle, and itch

102
Q

When do most people feel temperature as pain?

A

45 degree C, tissue damage

103
Q

What does pain from heat correlate with?

A

rate of tissue damage and NOT the total damage

104
Q

Intensity of pain correlates with what?

A

rate of tissue damage and NOT total damage

105
Q

First order pain fibers alpha delta account for what?

A

fast pain

  • excite 2nd order neurons that travel in the neospinothalamic tract
  • highly somatotropic organization
  • 2nd order neurons terminate in VPL of thalamus
106
Q

First order pain fibers C account for what?

A

slow pain

  • excites 2nd order neurons that travel in the paleospinothalamic tract
  • poor localizaiton
  • 2nd order neurons terminate in VPL of thalamus
107
Q

Where is the termination of most paleospinothalamic tract neurons?

A

brainstem

  • reticular nuclei
  • tectal area of mesencephalon
  • periaqueductal grey
108
Q

What are the NTs of endogenous pain modulation?

A

enkephalin and serotonin

109
Q

What are the brainstem areas effect in endogenous pain modulation?

A
  • Periaqueductal grey
  • Periventricular nuclei
  • Raphe magnus nucleus
  • Nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis
110
Q

What NT is involved in both pre and post synaptic inhibition of C and alpha delta fibers?

A

enkephalin

111
Q

What are the causes of referred pain?

A

ischemia, chemical stimuli, cramps, over distention

112
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

excessive pain receptor sensitivity

sunburned skin

113
Q

Tic Douloureux

A

‘suicide disease’

severe, lancinating/stabbing pain in the sensory distribution of the trigeminal nerve

114
Q

Brown-Sequard syndrome

A

transection of spinal cord on only one side
-motor- ipsilateral–> motor function lost below the site of injury
-sensory- ipsilateral–> DCML sensations lost
contralateral–> spinothalamic sensations lost

115
Q

Headache

A
  • menengitis- inflammation of the meninges
  • low CSF pressure- distortion of dural surfaces due to the brain not floating freely in the CSF
  • Migraines- vascualr headache, nausea, loss of vision, visual/auditory hallucinations

physio (14 decks)

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