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physio > Motor Function > Flashcards

Motor Function Flashcards

1
Q

three areas of motor cortex

A

primary motor cortex, premotor area, and supplementary motor area

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2
Q

how much of the motor cortex is devoted to the hands and speech?

A

1/2

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3
Q

what occurs in primary motor cortex damage if the caudate nucleus and adjacent premotor and supplementary areas remain intact?

A
  • loss of voluntary control of discrete movements of the hand and finger
  • can contract but loss of fine control
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4
Q

Where does the intention to contract a muscle begin?

A

-motor assocaition (premotor) area of frontal lobes

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5
Q

What occurs in premotor area of frontal lobes?

A
  • plan our behavior
  • neurons compile a program for degree and sequence of muscle contraction
  • program transmitted to neurons of the precentral gyrus (primary motor area)
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6
Q

What are the upper motor neurons?

A

pyramidal cells of the precentral gyrus

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7
Q

What determines the onset and cessation of intentional movements?

A

basal nuclei

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8
Q

What is the feedback circuit that the basal nuclei is invovled in?

A

cerebrum–> basal nuclei–> thalamus–> cerebrum

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9
Q

what controls highly practiced, learned behaviors that one carries out with little thought?

A

basal nuclei

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10
Q

Dyskinesias are movement disorders caused by what?

A

lesions in the basal nuclei

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11
Q

cerebellum controls what factors of motro control?

A 
Highly important in motor coordination
Aids in learning motor skills
Maintains muscle tone and posture
Smooths muscle contraction 
Coordinates eye and body movements
Coordinates the motions of different joints with each other
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12
Q

What part of the brain is effected in ataxia and what are the symptoms?

A

cerebellum

clumsy, awkward gait

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13
Q

What does the supplementary motor cortex do? What effect does excitation usually have?

A
  • positions body and head for the fine motor control movements of the arms and hands
  • excitation causes bilateral contraction
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of the lateral corticospinal tract?

A
  • crosses in the medulla
  • terminates on interneurons in spinal cord
  • gross motor movements
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of the ventral corticospinal tract?

A
  • cross in spinal cord throughout neck and upper thoracic

- bilat control of postural muscles

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16
Q

What do the alpha motor neurons innervate?

A

large skeletal msucle fibers

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17
Q

What is th emotor unit of the alpha motor neurons?

A

several to several hundred individual skeletal muscle fibers

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18
Q

What do the gamma motor neurons innervate?

A

intrafusal fibers

maintain basic muscle tone

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19
Q

What are interneurons responsible for?

A

intergration of information

-make up many different circuits within the spinal cord

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20
Q

Dynamic vs, static neruons in the excitation of spinal cord motor neurons

A

dynamic: initial neuron excitation–> very high rate and intitiates a rapid development of force
static: fire much slower but maintain the force of contraction

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21
Q

muscle spindles give information about…

A

muscle length and rate of change in length

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22
Q

golgi tendon organs (GTOs) give information about…

A

tendon tension and rate of change in tension

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23
Q

What are the two ways that the sensory fibers of the muscle spindle can be excited?

A
  • lengthening the muscle will stretch the spindle

- contraction of the end portion of th emuscle spindle fiber

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24
Q

What are the sensory fibers (group IA) of the muscle spindle?

A

primary ending- connects to both bag and chain fibers

secondary ending- excited only by chain fibers

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25
Q

Does the center of the muscle spindle have contractile proteins?

A

no

thats why it sensory

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26
Q

What is the static response of the muscle spindle?

A

during slow stretch the number of impulses transmitted is directly proportional to the degree of stretch

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27
Q

What sensory fibers of the muscle spindle are activated in static response?

A

both primary and secondary

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28
Q

What is the dynamic response of the muscle spindle?

A

during rapid stretch the primary ending is stimulated powerfully, transmits a tremendous excess of impulses

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29
Q

What is the stretch (myotatic) reflex?

A
  • when a msucle is stretched, it contracts and maintains increased tonus (stretch reflex)
  • very sudden muscle stretch causes tendon reflex
  • reciprocal inhibition prevents muscles from working against each other
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30
Q

When a muscle is stretched by tapping its tendon with a reflex hammer, that information is carried to where?

A

the spinal cord by a 1a afferent axon

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31
Q

Where does the 1a fibers synapse in deep tendon reflexes?

A

directly on alpha motor neurons that innervate the muscle

the alpha motor neurons fire and muscle contracts

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32
Q

When does the golgi tendon reflex occur?

A

excessive tension on tendon inhibits motor neuron

also functions when muscle contacts unevenly

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33
Q

what is the tendon reflex and an example?

A

reflexive contraction of a muscle when its tendon is tapped

-knee-jerk reflex is a monosynaptic reflex

34
Q

What is the reciprocal inhibition?

A

reflex phenomenon that prevents muscles from working against each other by inhibiting the antagonist

35
Q

What are the 8 parts of the patellar tendon reflex arc?

A
  1. extensor muscle stretched
  2. muscle spindle stimulated
  3. primary afferent neuron excited
  4. primary afferent neuron stimulates alpha motor neuron to extensor muscle
  5. alpha motor neuron stimulates extensor muscle to contract
  6. primary afferent neuron stimulates inhibitory interneuron
  7. interneuron inhibits alpha motor neuron to flexor muscle
  8. flexor muscle (antagonist) relaxes
36
Q

When does flexor withdrawal reflexes occur?

A

during withdrawl of foot from pain

37
Q

What are the 6 steps of flexor withdrawl reflexes?

A
  1. stepping on glass stimulates ppain receptors in right foot
  2. sensory neuron activates multiple interneurons
  3. Ipsilateral motor neurons to flexor excited
  4. Ipsilateral flexor contracts
  5. contralateral motor neurons to extensor excited
  6. contralateral extensor contracts
38
Q

How are movement patterns performed? What are some examples?

A
  • performed by initiation in cortex and maintained with pattern generation centers within the spinal cord
  • walking, scratching, posture
39
Q

What do lesions of the pyramidal tract do?

A

abolishes fine grasping movement

40
Q

Motor control pathways have a high level of convergence in order to provide high level of muscle control. What are the motor control pathways?

A 
Propriospinal
Corticospinal
Rubrospinal
Reticulospinal
Tectospinal
Vestibulospinal
41
Q

What special functions does the brainstem control?

A 
Respiration
Cardiovascular
Partial GI
Stereotyped movements
Equilibrium
Eye movements
42
Q

What does the pontine reticular nuclei of the brainstem control?

A

excite the axial muscles of the boyd

vertebral column and extensor muscles of the limbs

43
Q

What does the medullary reticular nuclei of the brainstem control?

A

counterbalance signals from the pontine reticular nuclei

44
Q

What does the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem control?

A

function in association with the pontine reticular nuclei to control antigravity muscles

45
Q

What are main functions of the cerebellum?

A

responsible for coordination of rapid movement activities, sequence motor activation, makes correctvie adjustments while activities are being executed

46
Q

What portion of the cerebellum controls motor execution?

A

spinocerebellum

47
Q

What portion of the cerebellum controls motor planning?

A

cerebrocerebellum

48
Q

What portion of the cerebellum controls balance and eye movement?

A

vestibulocerebellum

49
Q

What do the topographical sections of the cerebellum control?

A

vermis–> axial muscles
intermediate zone–> upper/lower limbs
lateral zone–> higher order planning/coordination

50
Q

What connect the motor cortex with the lateral zones of the cerebellum?

A

corticopontocerebellar

51
Q

What is the feedback system of the ventral spinocerebellar?

A

the ventral spinocerebellar is excited by motor signals arrivings in the sminal cord
the feedback systen tells the cerebellum what signals have arrived
used to compare what is happening with what is supposed to happen

52
Q

Deep nuclei receive information from where?

A

cerebellar cortex & deep sensory afferent tracts to the cerebellum

53
Q

What are the 2 efferent pathways from the cerebellum (beginning with vermis and intermediate zone)?

A
  • vermis–> fastigial nucleus–> pontine brainstem(equilibrium)
  • intermediate zone –> interposed nuclei–> thalamus–> cortex–> thalamus–> basal ganglia–> red nucleus and reticular formation (coordination of reciprocal contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles of the limbs)
54
Q

What are the climbing fibers in the cerebellar cortex?

A

they are what always produces a single, prolonged AP in each purkinje cell they contact

55
Q

What are the mossy fibers in the cerebellar cortex?

A

very weak synaptic connections with purkinje cells

therefore requires a lot of mossy fibers to excite a purkinje cell

56
Q

Damage to the vestibulocerebellum

A

equilibrium is disturbed during the performance of rapid motions and during change in direction

57
Q

spinocerebellum is responsible for

A

coordination of the movement of the limbs

58
Q

intermediate zone of the spinocerebellum

A

compares the intended sequential plan of movement with the actual movements

59
Q

interposed nuclei of the spinocerebellum

A

send corrective signals to the cortex thru the thalamus

send corrective signals to the red nucleus

60
Q

how does the planning of sequential movement from the cerebrocerebellum work?

A

communicates with premotor and sensory cortices

dentate nuclei coordinate this information

61
Q

how does timing of sequential movements from the cerebrocerebellum work?

A

loss of dentate nuclei–> failure of smooth progression of movements

62
Q

cerebellar disorder ataxia

A

uncoordinated, clumsy gait

63
Q

cerebellar disorder dysmetria

A

abnormal overshoot or undershoot

64
Q

cerebellar disorder dysrhythmia

A

abnormal rhythm and timing of movements

65
Q

cerebellar disorder dysdiadochokinesia

A

patient cannot perform rapidly alternating movements

66
Q

What is the basal nuclei?

A

masses of cerebral gray matter buried deep in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus

67
Q

What are the functions of the basal nuclei?

A
  • recevies input from the substantia nigra of the midbrain and the motor areas of the cortex
  • sends signals back to both these locations
  • involved in motor control
68
Q

Basal ganglia

A

accessory motor system

-receive most input from the cerebral cortex and return most output to the cerebral cortex

69
Q

what are the components of the basal ganglia circuitry?

A 
Caudate nucleus
Globus pallidus
Putamen
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus
70
Q

Putamen circuit of the basal ganglia

A
  • execution of learned patterns of movement
  • inputs mainly from the premotor and supplemental motor cortex
  • outputs back to the primary motor cortex
71
Q

What 3 things can be caused by damage to the putamen circuit of the basal ganglia?

A
  • athetosis–> spntaneous often continuous writhing movements
  • hemiballismus–> flailing movements
  • chorea–> flicking movements
72
Q

Caudate circuit of the basal ganglia

A

cognitive control of motor acitvity

73
Q

output from the caudate circuit of the basal ganglia

A

premotor and supplemental motor cortex

74
Q

input from the caudate circuit of the basal ganglia

A

association areas of the cerebral cortex

75
Q

What is responsible for planning which patterns of movement will accomplish the complex goal of fleeing from a lion?

A

caudate circuit of the basal ganglia– puts together sequential patterns of activity lasting 5 or more seconds

76
Q

What causes parkinsonism?

A

loss of dopamine which decreases thalamocortical excitation

77
Q

what are 5 characteristics of parkinson’s?

A
  1. bradykinesis
  2. rigidity
  3. gait instability
  4. resting tremor
  5. masked face
78
Q

Why is Parkinson’s treated with L-dopa and not just dopamine?

A

L-dopa crosses the BBB

79
Q

Loss of pigmentation in the substantia nigra is indicative of….

A

a loss of dopaminergic neurons (Parkinson’s)

80
Q

L-Deprenyl is also a treatment for Parkinson’s; what does it do?

A

inhibtis MAO, dopamine remains in the synaptic cleft longer

physio (14 decks)

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